Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.15.6561

Trends of Smokeless Tobacco use among Adults (Aged 15-49 Years) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal  

Sinha, Dhirendra N (Tobacco Free Initiative Unit, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization)
Rizwan, SA (Department of Community Medicine, Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute)
Aryal, Krishna K (Nepal Health Research Council)
Karki, Khem B (Nepal Health Research Council)
Zaman, Mostafa M (NPO-NCD, World Health Organization)
Gupta, Prakash C (Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health)
Publication Information
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention / v.16, no.15, 2015 , pp. 6561-6568 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) has long been realized as an important component of the fight for global tobacco control. It still remains a major problem in countries like India, Bangladesh and Nepal. The objective of this study was to estimate the trends of SLT use in three countries of the SEARO WHO office. Materials and Methods: We used data from national surveys in three countries (Bangladesh, India and Nepal) to estimate trends in prevalence of current SLT use. All available nationally representative data sources were used. Estimates were weighted, age standardized and given along with 95% confidence intervals. Significance of linear trend in prevalence over time was tested using the Cochrane-Armitage test for trend. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We identified three surveys for Bangladesh, three for India and four for Nepal that met the selection criteria (such as Demographic and Health Surveys, WHO-STEPwise approach to Surveillance and Global Adult Tobacco Surveys). A significantly increasing trend was noticed in the prevalence of current SLT use among Bangladeshi men (20.2% to 23%, p=0.03). In India, a similar significantly increasing trend was seen among men (27.1% to 33.4%, p<0.001) and women (10.1% to 15.7%, p<0.001). In Nepal, there was a no significant trend among both men (39.1% to 31.6%, p=0.11) and women (5.6% to 4.7%, p=0.49). Conclusions: In the study countries SLT use has remained at alarmingly high levels. Usage trends do not show any signs of decline in spite of control efforts. Tobacco control measures should focus more on controlling SLT use.
Keywords
National surveys; smokeless tobacco; South-East Asia; trend; prevalence;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 6  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, et al (2001). Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard (WHO). GPE discussion paper series: No.31. World Health Organization. Geneva.
2 Ansara DL, Arnold F, Kishor S, Hsia J, Kaufmann R (2013). Tobacco use by men and women in 49 countries with demographic and health surveys. DHS comparative reports no. 31. calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF international.
3 Bhattacharyya N (2012). Trends in the use of smokeless tobacco in united states, 2000-2010. Laryngoscope, 122, 2175-8.   DOI
4 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2007). Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 89. Lyon, France.
5 ITC Project (ITCP) (2013). TCP India National Report. Findings from the Wave 1 Survey (2010-2011). University of waterloo, waterloo, ontario, canada; healis-sekhsaria institute for public health, Navi Mumbai, India.
6 ITC Project (ITCP) (2014). Tobacco price and taxation policies in bangladesh: evidence of effectiveness and implications for action. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
7 Mahato P (2012). Current tobacco control practices in Nepal: existing gaps and way forward. JHAS, 2, 70-3.
8 Mini GK, Sarma PS, and Thankappan KR (2014). Pattern of tobacco use and its correlates among older adults in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 6195-8.   DOI
9 Nargis N, Hussain AKMG and Fong GT (2014). Smokeless tobacco product prices and taxation in Bangladesh: findings from the international tobacco control survey. Indian J Cancer, 51, 33-8.   DOI
10 National Cancer Institute (NCI) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014). Smokeless tobacco and public health: a global perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. department of health and human services, centers for disease control and prevention and national institutes of health, national cancer institute. NIH Publication No. 14-7983.
11 Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, et al. (2014). Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. JAMA, 311, 183-2.   DOI
12 Wang Z and Ma J (2012). Prevalence and patterns of tobacco use in Asia. Lancet, 380, 1905-6.
13 World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011. Geneva.
14 World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. Geneva.
15 Zaman MM, Bhuiyan,MR, Huq SM, et al (2014). Dual use of tobacco among Bangladeshi men. Indian J Cancer, 51, 46-9.   DOI
16 Danawala SA, Arora M, and Stigler MH (2014). Analysis of motivating factors for smokeless tobacco use in two Indian states. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 6553-8.   DOI
17 Bhawna G (2013). Burden of smoked and smokeless tobacco consumption in India - results from the global adult tobacco survey India (GATS-India)- 2009-201. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 3323-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Carr AB and Ebbert JO (2007). Interventions for tobacco cessation in the dental setting. A systematic review. Community Dent Health, 24, 70-4.
19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011). Global adult tobacco survey collaborative group. tobacco questions for surveys: a subset of key questions from the global adult tobacco survey (GATS), 2nd Edition. Atlanta, GA.
20 Dave D and Saffer H (2013). Demand for smokeless tobacco: role of advertising. J Health Econ, 32, 682-7.   DOI
21 Ebbert JO, Montori V, Vickers KS, et al. (2007). Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4306.
22 Eriksen M, Mackay J and Ross H (2012). The tobacco atlas. 4th ed. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; New York.
23 European Commission (EC) (2008). Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Health effects of smokeless tobacco products. Brussels.
24 Gajalakshmi V, and Kanimozhi V (2015). Tobacco chewing and adult mortality: a case-control analysis of 22,000 cases and 429,000 controls, never smoking tobacco and never drinking alcohol, in South India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 1201-6.   DOI
25 Piano MR, Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, et al (2010). Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the American heart association. Circulation, 122, 1520-4.   DOI
26 Norberg M, Malmberg G, Ng N, and Brostrom G (2011). Who is using snus? - Time trends, socioeconomic and geographic characteristics of snus users in the ageing Swedish population. BMC Public Health, 11, 929.   DOI
27 Palipudi KM, Sinha DN, Choudhury S, et al (2012). Predictors of tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adults in Bangladesh. Indian J Cancer, 49, 387-2.   DOI
28 Panda R, Persai D, Mathur M, and Sarkar BK (2013). Perception and practices of physicians in addressing the smokeless tobacco epidemic: findings from two States in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 7237-1.   DOI
29 Rout SK, and Arora M (2014). Taxation of smokeless tobacco in India. Indian J Cancer, 51, 8-2.
30 Severson HH (2003). What have we learned from 20 years of research on smokeless tobacco cessation? Am J Med Sci, 326, 206-1.   DOI
31 Sinha DN, Palipudi KM, Jones CK, et al (2014). Levels and trends of smokeless tobacco use among youth in countries of the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region. Indian J Cancer, 51, 50-3.
32 Thakur JS, Prinja S, Bhatnagar N, Rana S, and Sinha, DN (2013). Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6965-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (1986). The health consequences of using smokeless tobacco: a report of the advisory committee to the surgeon general. NIH publication no. 86-2674. Bethesda, MD.