Utility of Digital Rectal Examination, Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, and Transrectal Ultrasound in the Detection of Prostate Cancer: A Developing Country Perspective |
Kash, Deep Par
(Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT))
Lal, Murli (Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT)) Hashmi, Altaf Hussain (Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT)) Mubarak, Muhammed (Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT)) |
1 | Martin RM, Vatten L, Gunnell D, Romundstad P, Nilsen TIL (2008). Lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer: The HUNT 2 Cohort, Norway. Int J Cancer, 123, 1924-28. DOI ScienceOn |
2 | McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA (1988). Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma: correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol, 12, 897-906. DOI ScienceOn |
3 | Mettlin C (1997). The American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project and National Patterns of Prostate Cancer Detection and Treatment. CA Cancer J Clin, 47, 265-72. DOI ScienceOn |
4 | Pinnock C, O'Brien B, Marshall VR (1998). Older men's concerns about their urological health: a qualitative study. Australian and New Zealand J Pub Health, 22, 368-73. DOI ScienceOn |
5 | Poudel B, Mittal A, Shrestha R, Nepal AK, Shukla PS (2012). Prostate biomarkers with reference to body mass index adn duration of prostate cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 2149-52. DOI ScienceOn |
6 | Rashid R, Mubarak M, Kazi J (2013). Frequency of adenocarcinoma in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsies in men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer and raised serum prostate specific antigen. Middle East J Cancer, 4, 73-8. |
7 | Shapiro A, Lebensart PD, Pode D, Bloom RA (1994). The clinical utility of transrectal ultrasound and digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Br J Radiol, 67, 668-71. DOI ScienceOn |
8 | Shiraishi T, Getzenberg RH, Kulkarni P (2012). Cancer/testis antigens: novel tools for discerning aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancer. Asian J Androl, 14, 400-4. DOI ScienceOn |
9 | Hua L, Xu B, Cheng G, et al (2011). Prostate cancer detected after introduction of PSA screening. Surg Practice, 15, 2-6. DOI ScienceOn |
10 | Gohji K, Okamoto M, Morisue K, Fujii A (1995). Usefulness of digital rectal examination, serum prostate-specific antigen, transrectal ultras onography and systematic prostate biopsy for the detection of organ-confined prostate cancer. Int J Urol, 2, 116-20. DOI ScienceOn |
11 | Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MK, Stamey TA (1989). Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol, 142, 71-5. DOI |
12 | Hoffman R (2011). Screening for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med, 365, 2013-19. DOI ScienceOn |
13 | Kavasmaa OT, Tyomkin DB, Mehik A, et al (2013). Changing trends in symptomatology, diagnostics, stage and survival of prostate cancer in Northern Finland during a period of 20 years. World J Surg Oncol, 11, 258. DOI ScienceOn |
14 | Khan IA, Nasir M, Akbar M, et al (2008). Carcinoma of Prostate in clinically benign enlarged gland. J Ayub Med Coll Abottabad, 20, 90-2. |
15 | Kuriyama M, Wang MC, Papsidero LD, et al (1980). Quantitation of prostate - specific antigen in serum by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Cancer Res, 40, 4658-62. |
16 | Lalitha K, Suman G, Pruthvish S, Mathew A, Murthy NS (2012). Estimation of time trends of incidence of prostate cancer-an Indian scenario. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 6245-50. 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
17 | Lee F, Torp-Pedersen S, Littrup PJ, et al (1989). Hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: clinical relevance of tumor size, digital rectal examination, and prostate-specific antigen. Radiol, 170, 29-32. DOI |
18 | Baruteuoglu B, Bozdemir AE, Ertan Y, et al (2009). Performance of total prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen ratio for screening prostate cancer in Turkish population. Turkish J Cancer, 39, 18-24. |
19 | Applewhite JC, Matlaga BR, McCullough DL, Hall MC (2001). Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Cancer Control J, 8, 141-50. DOI |
20 | Ahmed Z, Azad NS, Yaqoob N, et al (2007). Frequency of primary solid malignant neoplasms in both sexes as seen in our practice. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 19, 53-5. |
21 | Barakzi MA, Mubarak M, Kazi JI (2011). Histopathological lesions in transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies of prostate with raised serum prostate specific antigen. Nephro Urol, 3, 186-90. |
22 | Belbase NP, Agrawal CS, Pokharel PK, et al (2013). Prostate cancer screening in a healthy population cohort in Eastern Nepal: an explanatory trial study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 2835-8. 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
23 | Cooner WH, Mosley BR, Rutherford Jr CL, et al (1990). Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. J Urol, 143, 1146-54. DOI |
24 | Djavan BA, Zlotta C, Kratzik M, et al (1999). PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4. Urol, 54, 517-23. DOI ScienceOn |
25 | Yamamoto T, Ito K, Ohi M, et al (2001). Diagnostic significance of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in men with prostate specific antigen levels of 4 ng/mL or less. Urol, 58, 994-98. DOI ScienceOn |
26 | Verim L, Yildirim A, Basok EK, et al (2013). Impact of PSA and DRE on histologic findings at prostate biopsy in Turkish men over 75 years of age. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6085-8. 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
27 | Stock C, Hruza M, Cresswell J, Rassweiler JJ (2008). Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate: Development of the procedure, current clinical practice, and introduction of self-embedding as a new way of processing biopsy cores. J Endurol, 22, 1321-29. DOI ScienceOn |
28 | Strohmaier WL, Keller T, Bichler KH (1999). Follow-up in prostate cancer patients: which parameters are necessary? Eur Urol, 35, 21-5. DOI ScienceOn |
29 | Torp-Pedersen S, Juul N, Jakobsen H (1988). Transrectal prostatic ultrasonography. Equipment, normal findings, benign hyperplasia and cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 107, 19-25. |
30 | Woolf SH (1995). Screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen-an examination of the evidence. N Engl J Med, 333, 1401-05. DOI ScienceOn |
31 | Zappa M (1998). Over-diagnosis of prostate carcinoma by screening: An estimate based on the results of the Florence Screening Pilot Study. Ann Oncol, 9, 1297-300. DOI ScienceOn |
32 | Zheng X-Y, Zhang P, Xie L-P, et al (2012). Prostate specific antigen velocity (PSAV) and PSAV per initial volume (PSAVD) for early detection of prostate cancer in Chinese men. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 5529-33. 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
33 | Nath A, Singh JK, Vendan SE, Priyanka, Sinha S (2012). Elevated level of prostate specific antigen among prostate cancer patients and high prevalence in the Gangetic zone of Bihar, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 221-3. 과학기술학회마을 DOI ScienceOn |
34 | Jabaly SS, Mohammad MA (2008). Prostate-specific antigen versus digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Dohuk Med J, 2, 80-90. |