Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.7.3087

Utility of Digital Rectal Examination, Serum Prostate Specific Antigen, and Transrectal Ultrasound in the Detection of Prostate Cancer: A Developing Country Perspective  

Kash, Deep Par (Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT))
Lal, Murli (Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT))
Hashmi, Altaf Hussain (Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT))
Mubarak, Muhammed (Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT))
Publication Information
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention / v.15, no.7, 2014 , pp. 3087-3091 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the utility of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) estimation, and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Materials and Methods: All patients with abnormal DRE, TRUS, or serum tPSA >4ng/ml, in any combination, underwent TRUS-guided needle biopsy. Eight cores of prostatic tissue were obtained from different areas of the peripheral prostate and examined histopathologically for the nature of the pathology. Results: PCa was detected in 151 (50.3%) patients, remaining 149 (49.7%) showed benign changes with or without active prostatitis. PCa was detected in 13 (56.5%), 9 (19.1%), 26 (28.3%), and 103 (74.6%) of patients with tPSA <4 ng/ml, 4-10 ng/ml, 10-20 ng/ml and >20 ng/ml respectively. Only 13 patients with PCa had abnormal DRE and TRUS with serum PSA <4 ng/ml. The detection rate was highest in patients with tPSA >20 ng/ml. The association between tPSA level and cancer detection was statistically significant (p<0.01). Among 209 patients with abnormal DRE and raised serum PSA, PCa was detected in 128 (61.2%). Conclusions: The incidence of PCa increases with increasing serum level of tPSA. The overall screening and detection rate can be further improved by using DRE, TRUS and TRUS-guided prostate needle biopsies.
Keywords
Biopsy; digital rectal examination; prostate cancer; transrectal ultrasound; Pakistan;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 6  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Martin RM, Vatten L, Gunnell D, Romundstad P, Nilsen TIL (2008). Lower urinary tract symptoms and risk of prostate cancer: The HUNT 2 Cohort, Norway. Int J Cancer, 123, 1924-28.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA (1988). Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma: correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol, 12, 897-906.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Mettlin C (1997). The American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project and National Patterns of Prostate Cancer Detection and Treatment. CA Cancer J Clin, 47, 265-72.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Pinnock C, O'Brien B, Marshall VR (1998). Older men's concerns about their urological health: a qualitative study. Australian and New Zealand J Pub Health, 22, 368-73.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Poudel B, Mittal A, Shrestha R, Nepal AK, Shukla PS (2012). Prostate biomarkers with reference to body mass index adn duration of prostate cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 2149-52.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Rashid R, Mubarak M, Kazi J (2013). Frequency of adenocarcinoma in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsies in men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer and raised serum prostate specific antigen. Middle East J Cancer, 4, 73-8.
7 Shapiro A, Lebensart PD, Pode D, Bloom RA (1994). The clinical utility of transrectal ultrasound and digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Br J Radiol, 67, 668-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Shiraishi T, Getzenberg RH, Kulkarni P (2012). Cancer/testis antigens: novel tools for discerning aggressive and non-aggressive prostate cancer. Asian J Androl, 14, 400-4.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Hua L, Xu B, Cheng G, et al (2011). Prostate cancer detected after introduction of PSA screening. Surg Practice, 15, 2-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Gohji K, Okamoto M, Morisue K, Fujii A (1995). Usefulness of digital rectal examination, serum prostate-specific antigen, transrectal ultras onography and systematic prostate biopsy for the detection of organ-confined prostate cancer. Int J Urol, 2, 116-20.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MK, Stamey TA (1989). Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol, 142, 71-5.   DOI
12 Hoffman R (2011). Screening for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med, 365, 2013-19.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Kavasmaa OT, Tyomkin DB, Mehik A, et al (2013). Changing trends in symptomatology, diagnostics, stage and survival of prostate cancer in Northern Finland during a period of 20 years. World J Surg Oncol, 11, 258.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Khan IA, Nasir M, Akbar M, et al (2008). Carcinoma of Prostate in clinically benign enlarged gland. J Ayub Med Coll Abottabad, 20, 90-2.
15 Kuriyama M, Wang MC, Papsidero LD, et al (1980). Quantitation of prostate - specific antigen in serum by a sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Cancer Res, 40, 4658-62.
16 Lalitha K, Suman G, Pruthvish S, Mathew A, Murthy NS (2012). Estimation of time trends of incidence of prostate cancer-an Indian scenario. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 6245-50.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Lee F, Torp-Pedersen S, Littrup PJ, et al (1989). Hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: clinical relevance of tumor size, digital rectal examination, and prostate-specific antigen. Radiol, 170, 29-32.   DOI
18 Baruteuoglu B, Bozdemir AE, Ertan Y, et al (2009). Performance of total prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen ratio for screening prostate cancer in Turkish population. Turkish J Cancer, 39, 18-24.
19 Applewhite JC, Matlaga BR, McCullough DL, Hall MC (2001). Transrectal ultrasound and biopsy in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Cancer Control J, 8, 141-50.   DOI
20 Ahmed Z, Azad NS, Yaqoob N, et al (2007). Frequency of primary solid malignant neoplasms in both sexes as seen in our practice. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 19, 53-5.
21 Barakzi MA, Mubarak M, Kazi JI (2011). Histopathological lesions in transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies of prostate with raised serum prostate specific antigen. Nephro Urol, 3, 186-90.
22 Belbase NP, Agrawal CS, Pokharel PK, et al (2013). Prostate cancer screening in a healthy population cohort in Eastern Nepal: an explanatory trial study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 2835-8.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Cooner WH, Mosley BR, Rutherford Jr CL, et al (1990). Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. J Urol, 143, 1146-54.   DOI
24 Djavan BA, Zlotta C, Kratzik M, et al (1999). PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4. Urol, 54, 517-23.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Yamamoto T, Ito K, Ohi M, et al (2001). Diagnostic significance of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in men with prostate specific antigen levels of 4 ng/mL or less. Urol, 58, 994-98.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Verim L, Yildirim A, Basok EK, et al (2013). Impact of PSA and DRE on histologic findings at prostate biopsy in Turkish men over 75 years of age. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6085-8.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Stock C, Hruza M, Cresswell J, Rassweiler JJ (2008). Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate: Development of the procedure, current clinical practice, and introduction of self-embedding as a new way of processing biopsy cores. J Endurol, 22, 1321-29.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Strohmaier WL, Keller T, Bichler KH (1999). Follow-up in prostate cancer patients: which parameters are necessary? Eur Urol, 35, 21-5.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Torp-Pedersen S, Juul N, Jakobsen H (1988). Transrectal prostatic ultrasonography. Equipment, normal findings, benign hyperplasia and cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 107, 19-25.
30 Woolf SH (1995). Screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen-an examination of the evidence. N Engl J Med, 333, 1401-05.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Zappa M (1998). Over-diagnosis of prostate carcinoma by screening: An estimate based on the results of the Florence Screening Pilot Study. Ann Oncol, 9, 1297-300.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Zheng X-Y, Zhang P, Xie L-P, et al (2012). Prostate specific antigen velocity (PSAV) and PSAV per initial volume (PSAVD) for early detection of prostate cancer in Chinese men. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 5529-33.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Nath A, Singh JK, Vendan SE, Priyanka, Sinha S (2012). Elevated level of prostate specific antigen among prostate cancer patients and high prevalence in the Gangetic zone of Bihar, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 221-3.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Jabaly SS, Mohammad MA (2008). Prostate-specific antigen versus digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Dohuk Med J, 2, 80-90.