Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.10.5625

Epidemiology, Major Risk Factors and Genetic Predisposition for Breast Cancer in the Pakistani Population  

Shaukat, Uzma (Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Islamabad)
Ismail, Muhammad (Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering Islamabad)
Mehmood, Nasir (University of Health Sciences Lahore)
Publication Information
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention / v.14, no.10, 2013 , pp. 5625-5629 More about this Journal
Abstract
Occurrence of breast cancer is related to genetic as well as cultural, environmental and life-style factors. Variations in diversity of these factors among different ethnic groups and geographical areas emphasize the immense need for studies in all racial-ethnic populations. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan is highest in Asians after Jews in Israel and 2.5 times higher than that in neighboring countries like Iran and India, accounting for 34.6% of female cancers. The Pakistani population is deficient in information regarding breast cancer etiology and epidemiology, but efforts done so far had suggested consanguinity as a major risk factor for frequent mutations leading to breast cancer and has also shed light on genetic origins in different ethnic groups within Pakistan. World-wide research efforts on different ethnicities have enhanced our understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer but despite these discoveries, 75% of the familial risk of breast cancer remains unexplained, highlighting the fact that the majority of breast cancer susceptibility genes remain unidentified. For this purpose Pakistani population provides a strong genetic pool to elucidate the genetic etiology of breast cancer because of cousin marriages. In this review, we describe the known breast cancer predisposition factors found in the local Pakistani population and the epidemiological research work done to emphasize the importance of exploring factors/variants contributing to breast cance, in order to prevent, cure and decrease its incidence in our country.
Keywords
Breast cancer; incidence; environmental and genetic factors; Pakistan;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Ahmed S, Thomas G, Ghoussaini M, et al (2009). Newly discovered breast cancer susceptibility loci on 3p24 and 17q23.2. Nat Genet, 41, 585-90.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Akram M, Siddiqui SA (2012). Breast cancer management: past, present and evolving. Indian J Cancer, 49, 277-82.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Baig RM, Mahjabeen I, Sabir M, et al (2011). Genetic changes in the PTEN gene and their association with breast cancer in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 2773-8.
4 Butt Z, Shahbaz U, Naseem T, et al (2009). Reproductive risk factors for female breast cancer: a case - control study. Annals, 15, 206-10
5 Farea FMS, Zhenwu Z (2011). The most prevalent cancer of the women breast in the city of Taiz. Aca J Cancer Res, 4, 5-9.
6 Farooq A, Naveed AK, Azeem Z, Ahmad T (2011). Breast and ovarian cancer risk due to prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants in Pakistani population: a Pakistani database report. J Oncol, 2011, 1-8.
7 Foulkes W, Brunet J, Wong N, Goffin J, Chappuis P (2002). Change in the penetrance of founder BRCA1/2 mutations? A retrospective cohort study. Am J Hum Genet, 71, 595-606.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Jamal S, Mamoon N, Mushtaq S, Luqman M (2006). Carcinoma of the male breast: a study of 141 cases from Northern Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 7, 119-21.
9 Malik AF, Sandersi AJ, Jones AD, Manseli RE, Jiang WG (2009). Transcriptional and translational modulation f KAI1 expression in ductal carcinoma of the breast and the prognostic significance. Int J Mol Med, 23, 273-8.
10 Khaliq S, Hameed A, Khaliq T, et al (2000). P53 mutations, polymorphisms, and haplotypes in Pakistani ethnic groups and breast cancer patients Genetic Testing. Genet Test, 4, 23-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Khaliq T, Afghan S, Naqi A, Haider MHR (2001). P53 mutations in carcinoma breast - a clinicopathological study. J Pak Med Assoc, 51, 210-3.
12 Liede A, Malik IA, Aziz Z, et al (2002). Contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to breast and ovarian cancer in Pakistan. Am J Hum Genet, 71, 595-606.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Malik AF (2010). Molecular genetic characterization of breast cancer in Pakistani population Higher education commission, Pakistan Research Repository.
14 Malik FA, Ashraf S, Kayani MA, et al (2008). Contribution of BRCA1 germline mutation in patients with sporadic breast cancer. Int Semin Surg Oncol, 5, 21.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Malik IA (2002). Clinico - pathological features of breast cancer in Pakistan. JPMA, 52, 1-10.
16 Malik S, Hanif A, Khokher S, et al (2009). Association of genetic and non-genetic risk factors with specific BRCA mutation positive breast cancers in some Pakistani females. Pak J Physiol, 5, 51-7.
17 Mamoon N, Sharif MA, Mushtaq S, Khadim MT, Jamal SJ (2009). Breast carcinoma over three decades in northern Pakistan. Pak Med Assoc, 59, 835-8.
18 Nosheen M, Malik FA, Kayani MA (2011). Lack of influence of glutathione S-transferase gene deletions in sporadic breast cancer in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 12, 1749-52.
19 Zeb A, Rasool A, Nasreen S (2004). Occupation and cancer incidence in district dir (NWFP), Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 7, 483-4.
20 Rashid MU, Zaidi A, Torres D, et al (2006). Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Pakistani breast and ovarian cancer patients. Int J Cancer, 119, 2832-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Saria MS, Mirza MR, Habib H, Zubair M (2010). Breast cancer among pakistani women in referral Hospitals: an overview of risk factors. Ibrahim Med Coll J, 4, 1-3.
22 Turnbull C, Rahman N (2008). Genetic predisposition to breast cancer: past, present, and future. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet, 9, 321-45   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Bhurgri Y, Bhurgri A, Hassan SH, et al (2000). Cancer incidence in Karachi, Pakistan: First results from Karachi Cancer Registry. Int J Cancer, 85, 325-9.   DOI
24 Zeb A, Rasool A, Nasreen S (2008). Cancer incidence in the districts of dir (North West Frontier Province), Pakistan: a preliminary study. J Chin Med Assoc, 71, 62-5.   DOI   ScienceOn