Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7472/jksii.2019.20.6.105

Analysis of Blockchain Platforms from the Viewpoint of Privacy Protection  

Park, Ji-Sun (Interdisciplinary Program of Information Security, Graduate School, Pukyong National University)
Shin, Sang Uk (Dept. of IT Convergence and Application Eng., Pukyong National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Internet Computing and Services / v.20, no.6, 2019 , pp. 105-117 More about this Journal
Abstract
Bitcoin, which can be classified as a cryptocurrency, has attracted attention from various industries because it is an innovative digital currency and the beginning of a Blockchain system. However, as the research on Bitcoin progressed, several security vulnerabilities and possible attacks were analyzed. Among them, the security problem caused by the transparency of the Blockchain database prevents the Blockchain system from being applied to various fields. This vulnerability is further classified as the weak anonymity of participating nodes and privacy problem due to disclosure of transaction details. In recent years, several countermeasures have been developed against these vulnerabilities. In this paper, we first describe the main features of the public and private Blockchain, and explain privacy, unlinkability and anonymity. And, three public Blockchain platforms, Dash, Zcash and Monero which are derived from Bitcoin, and Hyperledger Fabric which is a private Blockchain platform, are examined. And we analyze the operating principles of the protocols applied on each platform. In addition, we classify the applied technologies into anonymity and privacy protection in detail, analyze the advantages and disadvantages, and compare the features and relative performance of the platforms based on the computational speed of the applied cryptographic mechanisms.
Keywords
Cryptocurrency; Privacy; Anonymity; Blockchain; Bitcoin;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 E. Androulaki, A. Barger, V. Bortnikov, C. Cachin, K. Christidis, A. De Caro, et al., "Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains," Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference (EuroSys'18), Article No. 30, 1-15, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3190508.3190538
2 Hyperledger fabric Docs, Channels, https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.1/channels.html (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
3 Hyperledger fabric Docs, Private data, https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.2/private-data/private-data.html (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
4 B. Kiraly, PrivateSend, https://dashpay.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/DOC/pages/1146924/PrivateSend (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
5 Electric Coin blog, Anatomy of a Zcash Transaction, https://electriccoin.co/blog/anatomy-of-zcash/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
6 I. Miers, C. Garman, M. Green & A. D. Rubin, "Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash from Bitcoin," Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 397-411, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SP.2013.34
7 Electric Coin blog, Cultivating Sapling: Faster zk-SNARKs, https://electriccoin.co/blog/cultivating-sapling-faster-zksnarks/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
8 Wikipedia, Verge(cryptocurrency), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verge_(cryptocurrency) (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
9 Electric Coin blog, Ethereum Adoption of zk-SNARK Technology, https://electriccoin.co/blog/ethereum-snarks/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
10 M. C. K. Khalilov & A. Levi "A Survey on Anonymity and Privacy in Bitcoin-like Digital Cash Systems," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(3), 2543-2585, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2818623   DOI
11 E. Duffield, & D. Diaz, Dash: A Privacy-Centric Cryptocurrency, 2014. https://pic.nanjilian.com/20180716/343445b5bc4b5e0cba45893a083b480d.pdf (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
12 D. Guegan, "Public Blockchain versus Private blockchain. Universite Pantheon-Sorbonne (Paris 1)," Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne. halshs-01524440, 2017.
13 D. Bradbury, "Anonymity and privacy: a guide for the perplexed," Network Security, 2014(10), 10-14, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1353-4858(14)70102-3   DOI
14 A. Kumar, C. Fischer, S. Tople, & P. Saxena, "A Traceability Analysis of Monero's Blockchain," European Symposium on Research in Computer Security(ESORICS) 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10493. Springer, Cham, 153-173, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66399-9_9
15 Market Capitalization. Top 100 Cryptocurrencies, 2019. https://coinmarketcap.com/ko/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
16 Dash Doc., X11 Hash Algorithm, 2019. https://docs.dash.org/en/stable/introduction/features.html#x11-hash-algorithm (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
17 Dash Doc., PrivateSend, 2019. https://docs.dash.org/en/stable/wallets/dashcore/privatesend-instantsend.html (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
18 CoinMarketCap, Zcash (ZEC) price, charts, market cap, and other metrics, 2019. https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/zcash/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
19 S. Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, 2008. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf (accessed on July, 1, 2019).
20 Wikipedia, Cryptocurrency, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency#History (accessed on July, 1, 2019).
21 CoinMarketCap, All Cryptocurrencies, 2019. https://coinmarketcap.com/all/views/all/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019).
22 S. Goldwasser, S. Micali, and C. Rackoff. "The knowledge complexity of interactive proof-systems," Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing (STOC '85), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 291-304. 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/22145.22178
23 Zcash, What are zk-SNARKs?, 2019. https://z.cash/technology/zksnarks/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
24 D. Yang, J. Gavigan & Z. Wilcox-O'Hearn, "Survey of Confidentiality and Privacy Preserving Technologies for Blockchains," R3, Zcash Company, Research Report, 2016. https://z.cash/static/R3_Confidentiality_and_Privacy_Rep ort.pdf (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
25 S. Bowe, T. Hornby & N. Wilcox. (2019). Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2019.0.2, https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zcash/zips/master/prot ocol/protocol.pdf (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
26 Electric Coin blog, Why Equihash?, 2019. https://electriccoin.co/blog/why-equihash/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
27 Cryptolux, Equihash, 2019. https://www.cryptolux.org/index.php/Equihash (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
28 Monero, https://web.getmonero.org/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
29 CoinMarketCap, Monero (XMR) price, charts, market cap, and other metrics, https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/monero/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
30 Nicolas van Saberhagen. CryptoNote v 2.0, 2013. https://cryptonote.org/whitepaper.pdf (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
31 Blockgeeks, What is Monero? [The Most Comprehensive Step-by-Step Guide], https://blockgeeks.com/guides/monero/ (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
32 GitHub, The Kovri I2P Router Project, https://github.com/monero-project/kovri (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
33 CryptoNote Technology, CryptoNote Phylosophy, https://cryptonote.org/inside.php (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
34 R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir & Y. Tauman. "How to Leak a Secret," Proceeding of International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security (ASIACRYPT), 552-565. 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45682-1_32
35 S. Noether. "Ring Signature Confidential Transactions for Monero," IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2015/1098. https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1098 (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
36 G. Maxwell. Confidential Transactions, 2015. https://people.xiph.org/-greg/confidential_values.txt (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
37 Moneropedia, Pedersen Commitment, https://web.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/pedersen-commitment.html (accessed on July, 1, 2019)
38 S. Noether, A. Mackenzie & Monero Core Team. "Ring Confidential Transactions," Monero Research Lab, MRL-0005, 2016. https://lab.getmonero.org/pubs/MRL-0005.pdf (accessed on July, 1, 2019)