Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2022.vol9.no1.0053

Assessing Social and Work Environmental Factors Towards Women Upward Career Development: An Empirical Study from Pakistan  

KHURSHID, Nabila (Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad)
NASEER, Aleena (Economics Department, COMSATS University Islamabad)
KHURSHID, Jamila (Department of Business Administration, University of Poonch)
KHOKHAR, Arif Masih (Department of Business Administration, Federal Urdu University)
IRFAN, Muhammad (Department of Economics, COMSATS University Islamabad)
Publication Information
The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business / v.9, no.1, 2022 , pp. 53-61 More about this Journal
Abstract
The goal of this research was to find the relationship between the work environment and societal issues that impede women's advancement to senior management positions. The study included 500 women professionals from diverse firms in Pakistan's business sector, of whom 100 were chosen as the sample size using a purposive sampling method. Experts confirmed the validity of the study tool, which was a questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to verify its reliability (0.704-0.982). The model's standardized regression coefficients suggested that social factors (0.298) were the most important factors determining women's empowerment in terms of career development and that they were further influenced by factors related to the work environment (0.411). It was concluded that organizational rules for female employees assist them to maintain a balance between work and family, resulting in a less stressful working environment. The role of the social factor as a mediator is also thought to be important in maintaining a healthier work environment in companies. It was also determined that much more work needs to be done on promotional regulations, as well as gender-blind legislation so that women's professional advancement is not limited to middle management.
Keywords
Women Career Development; Social Factors; Barriers; Corporate Sector; Pakistan;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1999). Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 529-550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.529   DOI
2 Singh, V., Vinnicombe, S., & Kumra, S. (2006). Women in formal corporate networks: An organizational citizenship perspective. Women in Management Review, 21(6), 458-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420610683462   DOI
3 Snow, D. L., Swan, S. C., & Raghavan, C. (2003). The relationship of work stressors, coping and social support to psychological symptoms among female secretarial employees. Work and Stress, 17(3), 241-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370310001625630   DOI
4 Vinkenburg, C., & Van, M. L. (2005). Perceptions of gender, leadership, and career development. In: Burke, R., & Mattis, M. C. (Eds.), Supporting women's career advancement: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 114-129). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
5 World Bank. (2012). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/handle/10986/4391
6 Coleman, M. (2011). Women at the top. Challenges, choices, and change. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
7 Baker, F., & McKenzie. T. (2001). More women in senior positions do not pay disparity, a major issue facing women in business. http://www.actu.asn.au
8 Brett, J. M., & Stroh, L. K. (1999). Women in management: how far have we come and what needs to be done as we approach 2000? Journal of Management Inquiry, 8(4), 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649269984008   DOI
9 Burton, C. (1991). The promise and the price: The struggle for equal opportunity in women's employment. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
10 Schmidt, D. E., & Duenas, G. (2002). Incentives to encourage worker-friendly organizations. Public Personnel Management, 31(3), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600203100303   DOI
11 Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
12 Carroll, A. (1989). Business and society: Ethics and stakeholder management. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing.
13 Emnawer, Y., AL Haraisa, M., & Adil, A. H. (2021). The impact of organizational climate on organizational reputation: The mediating role of organizational health: An empirical study from Jordan. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(10), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.v8.n10.2021.0029   DOI
14 Schein, V. E. (2007). Women in management: reflections and projections. Women in Management Review, 22(1), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420710726193   DOI
15 Burke, R., & Vinnicombe, S. (2005). Advancing women's careers. The Career Development International, 10(3), 165-167. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430510732012   DOI
16 Al-Lamki, S. (1999). Paradigm shift: a perspective on Omani women in management in the Sultanate of Oman. Advancing Women in Leadership, 5, 60. https://doi.org/10.18738/awl.v0i5.60   DOI
17 Bierema, L. L., & Opengart, G. (2002). Emotions in Women's Career Development: A merging of literature. Cambridge, MA: Honolulu.
18 Baqir, M., Hussain, S., Waseem, R., & Islam, K. A. (2020). Impact of reward and recognition, supervisor support on employee engagement. American International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2(3), 8-21. https://doi.org/10.46545/aijbms.v2i3.256   DOI
19 Burke, R. J. (1997). Are families damaging to careers? Women in Management Review, 12(8), 320-324. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649429710189911   DOI
20 Catalyst. (2005). Global perspectives on successful implementation of human rights of women. The University of Essex. http://projects.essex.ac.uk/ehrr/V3N1/BraunDufresne.pdf
21 Hutchings, K., & Weir, D. (2006). Guanxi and waste: A comparison. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(1), 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-22201-1   DOI
22 Fuegen, K., Biernat, M., Haines, E., & Deaux, K. (2004). Mothers and fathers in the workplace: How gender and parental status influence judgments of job-related competence. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 737-754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00383.x   DOI
23 Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
24 Hair, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624   DOI
25 Khanh, V. T. V. (2021). The impact of the working environment and welfare on human resources maintenance: An empirical study in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(6), 447-453. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no6.0447   DOI
26 Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2004). Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Harvard Business Review, 82(2), 52-63. https://hbr.org/2004/02/measuring-the-strategic-readiness-of-intangible-assets
27 Hewlett, S. A., Luce, C. B., & West, C. (2005). Leadership in your midst: tapping the hidden strengths of minority executives. Harvard Business Review, 83(11), 74-82. https://hbr.org/2005/11/leadership-in-your-midst-tapping-the-hidden-strengths-of-minority-executives
28 Saifuddin, S., Dyke, L., & Hossain, M. S. (2019). Walls all around: Barriers women professionals face in high-tech careers in Bangladesh. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion: An International Journal, 38(7), 705-726.   DOI
29 Dilawar, H. (2017). Only 21 of 559 firms listed on the stock exchange have women on boards: Report. https://www.dawn.com/news/1323630
30 Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005). Work-life challenges professional women face in pursuing careers. In R. Burke & M. C. Mattis (Eds.), Supporting women's career advancement: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 391-411). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
31 Jamali, D., Sidani, Y., & Safieddine, A. (2005). Constraints facing working women in Lebanon: an insider view. Women in Management Review, 20(8), 581-594. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635213   DOI
32 Shah, S. (2009). Educational leadership: An Islamic perspective. In: English, F. W. (Ed.), Educational leadership and administration (pp. 76-100). London: Sage Publications.
33 Embry, A., Padget, M.Y., & Caldwell, C.B. (2008). Can leaders step outside of the gender box? An examination of leadership and gender role stereotypes. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808318412   DOI
34 Mustapa, N. S., Noor, K. M., & Mutalib, M. A. (2018). Why can't we have both? A discussion on work-life balance and women career advancement in Malaysia. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 5(3), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2018.vol5.no3.103   DOI
35 Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations? London, UK: Pearson Education.
36 Mattis, M. C. (1995). Corporate initiatives for advancing women. Women in Management Review, 10(7), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2322093718782756   DOI