Browse > Article

Analysis of Plasma Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Hypertensive Patients  

Kim, Jong-Sun (Department of Pharmacology, Keimyung University School of Medicine)
Kwon, Gee-Youn (Department of Pharmacology, Keimyung University School of Medicine)
Kim, Soo-Kyung (Department of Pharmacology, Keimyung University School of Medicine)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics / v.19, no.2, 2011 , pp. 166-179 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-supplemented diets may decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Especially, ${\omega}$-3 PUFAs may exert beneficial effects to the treatment and prevention of dyslipidemias, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Methods: This study investigated plasma lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), LDL, HDL, and antioxidant status indicative of vitamin A, vitamin E, malondialdehyde (MDA) and distribution of plasma long-chain fatty acids (C12-C24) in 28 normal subjects and 24 hypertensive patients. Also, the correlation among PUFAs, levels of antioxidant status, and lipid profiles of the subjects were estimated. Results: The distribution of ${\omega}$-3 PUFAs, saturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids showed significant differences (P<0.05), but that of ${\omega}$-6 PUFAs did not exhibit significant differences. The ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ ratio exhibited 36.96 in normal group and 14.29 in the hypertensive patient group. The levels of vitamin A, vitamin E, and MDA were increased significantly in the hypertensive patient group. Conclusion: PUFA levels were estimated in the hypertensive patients and normal group. The results suggest that dietary intake of proper ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ ratio is needed for prevention and treatment of hypertension.
Keywords
Plasma long-chain fatty acids; Hypertensive patients;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr, 1993;57(6):875-883.   DOI
2 Lovegrove JA, Lovegrove SS, Lesauvage SV, Brady LM, Saini N, Minihane AM, Williams CM. Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004;79(6):974-982.
3 Erkkila AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, Herrington DM. Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004;80(3):626-632.
4 Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, Nordoy A, Jenssen T. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids onglucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 1995;123(12):911-918.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJ. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr, 2002;76(5):1007-1015.
6 Nakamura MT, Nara TY. Structure, function, and dietary regulation of delta 6, delta 5, and delta 9 desaturases. Annu Rev Nutr, 2004;24:345-376.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJ. Dietary fish as a major component of a weight-loss diet: effect on serum lipids, glucose, and insulin metabolism in overweight hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999;70(5):817-825.
8 Calder PC. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006;83(Suppl):S1505-S1019.
9 Schaefer EJ, Bongard V, Beiser AS, Lamon-Fava S, Robins SJ, Au R, Tucker KL, Kyle DJ, Wilson PW, Wolf PA. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol, 2006;63(11):1545-1550.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Schnebelen C, Pasquis B, Salinas-Navarro M, Joffre C, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Vidal-Sanz M, Bron AM, Bretillon L, Acar N. A dietary combination of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is more efficient than single supplementations in the prevention of retinal damage induced by elevation of intraocular pressure in rats. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2009;247(9):1191-1203.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Jump DB: The biochemistry of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem, 2002; 277(11): 8755-8758.   DOI
12 Simopoulos AP. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med, 2008;233(6):674-688.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Landmesser U, Spiekermann S, Preuss C, Sorrentino S, Fischer D, Manes C, Mueller M, Drexler H. Angiotensin II induces endothelial xanthine oxidase activation: role for endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007;27(4):943-948.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Simopoulos AP. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, and cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2008;17(Suppl 1):S131-S134.
15 Simopoulos AP. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999;70(Suppl 3):S560-S569.
16 Sanders TA, Lewis F, Slaughter S, Griffin BA, Davies I, Millward DJ, Cooper JA, Miller GJ. Effect of varying the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006;84(3):513-522.
17 Griffin MD, Sanders TA, Davies IG, Morgan LM, Millward DJ, Lewis F, Slaughter S, Cooper JA, Miller GJ, Griffin BA. Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men an postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2006;84(6):1290-1298.
18 Wang L, Manson JE, Forman JP, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. Dietary fatty acids and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. Hypertension, 2010;56(4):598-604.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species. Nippon Rinsho, 2004;62(1):49-55.
20 Jun T, Ke-yan F, Catalano M. Increased superoxide anion production in humans: a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens, 1996;10(5):305-309.
21 de Cavanagh EM, Ferder LF, Ferder MD, Stella IY, Toblli JE, Inserra F. Vascular structure and oxidative stress in salt-Loaded spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects of losartan and atenolol. Am J Hypertens, 2010;23(12):1318-1325.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Makni M, Fetoui H, Gargouri NK, Garouiel M, Jaber H, Makni J, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of flax and pumpkin seed mixture rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol, 2008;46(12):3714-3720.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Wolf G. Free radical production and angiotensin. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2000;2(2):167-173.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA, 2001;285(19):2486-2497.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Das UN. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids interact with nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and transforminggrowth factor-$\beta$ to prevent human essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2004;58(2):195-203.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Kumar KV, Das UN. Are free radicals involved in the pathobiology of human essential hypertension? Free Radical Res Commun, 1993;19(1):59-66.   DOI
27 Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Cook JV, Williams B, FordgA. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens, 2006;24(2):215-233.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Shah M, Adams-Huet B, Garg A. Effect of high-carbohydrate or high-cis-monounsaturated fat diets on blood pressure: a meta- analysis of intervention trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007;85(5):1251-1256.
29 Tsuduki T, Honma T, Nakagawa K, Ikeda I, Miyazawa T. Long-term intake of fish oil increases oxidative stress and decrease lifespan in senescence-accelerated mice. Nutrition, 2011;27(3):334-337.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Canaud B, Cristol J, Morena M, Leray-Moragues H, Bosc J, Vaussenat F. Imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants in haemodialysis patients. Blood Purif, 1999;17(2-3):99-106.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med, 1997;336(16):1117-1124.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Holub BJ. Clinical nutrition: 4. omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular care. CMAJ, 2002;166(5):608-615.
33 Biscione F, Pignalberi C, Totteri A, Messina F, Altamurag. Cardiovascular effects of omega-3 free fatty acids. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2007;5(2):163-172.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Harris WS, Reid KJ, Sands SA, Spertus JA. Blood omega-3 and trans fatty acids in middle-aged acute coronary syndrome patients. Am J Cardiol, 2007;99(2):154-158.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Carlson CS, Heagerty PJ, Nord AS, Pritchard DK, Ranchalis J, Boguch JM, Duan H, Hatsukami TS, Schwartz SM, Rieder MJ, Nickerson DA, Jarvik GP. TagSNP evaluation for the association of 42 inflammation loci and vascular disease: evidence of IL6, FGB, ALOX5, NFKBIA, and IL4R loci effects. Hum genet, 2007;121(1) 65-75.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Crosslin DR, Shah SH, Nelson SC, Haynes CS, Connelly JJ, Gadson S, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Vance JM, Rose J, Granger CB, Seo D, Gregory SG, Kraus WE, Hauser ER. Genetic effects in the leukotriene biosynthesis pathway and association with atherosclerosis. Hum genet, 2009;125(2):217-229.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med, 2002;112(4):298-304.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Helgadottir A, Gretarsdottir S, St Clair D, Manolescu A, Cheung J, Thorleifsson G, Pasdar A, Grant SF, Whalley LJ, Hakonarson H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Gulcher J, Stefansson K, MacLeod MJ. Association between the gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and stroke replicated in a Scottish population. Am J Hum genet, 2005;76(3):505-509.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE,Donders AR, Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens, 2002;20(8):1493-1499.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation, 1993;88(2):523-533.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med, 1993;153(12):1429-1438.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Salim S, Asghar M, Chugh G, Taneja M, Xia Z, Saha K. Oxidative stress: a potential recipe for anxiety, hypertension and insulin resistance. Brain Res, 2010;1359:178-185.   DOI
43 Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb, 1992;12(8):911-919.   DOI
44 Zalba G, San Jose G, Moreno MU, Fortuno MA. Fortuno A, Beaumont FJ, Diez J. Oxidative stress in arterial hypertension: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Hypertension, 2001;38(6):1395-1399.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Morawietz H, Weber M, Rueckschloss U, Lauer N, Hacker A, Kojda G. Upregulation of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase subunitgp91phox and impairment of the nitric oxide signal transduction pathway in hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2001;285(5):1130-1135.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Kitamoto S, Egashira K, Kataoka C, Usui M, Koyanagi M, Takemoto M, Takeshita A. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats increases aortic superoxide anion production via the action of angiotensin II. J Hypertens, 2000;18(12):1795-1800.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Iraz M, Erdogan H, Ozyurt B, Ozugurlu F, Ozgocmen S, Fadillioglu E. Brief communication: omega-3 essential fatty acid supplementation and erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status in rats. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 2005;35(2):169-173.
48 Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a case for omega-3 index as a new risk factor. Pharmacol Res, 2007;55(3):217-223.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Geppert J, Kraft V, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in vegetarians effectively increases omega-3 index: a randomized trial. Lipids, 2005;40(8):807-814.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Khosla P, Sundram K. Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on plasma cholesterol. Prog Lipid Res, 1996;35(2):93-132.   DOI   ScienceOn