Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.35399/ISK.33.2.4

Distribution Status, Habitat Characteristics and Extinction Threat Evaluation of the Endangered Species, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (Pisces: Salmonidae)  

Ko, Myeong-Hun (Kosoo Ecology Institute)
Choi, Kwang-Seek (Kosoo Ecology Institute)
Han, Mee-Sook (Kosoo Ecology Institute)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Ichthyology / v.33, no.2, 2021 , pp. 74-83 More about this Journal
Abstract
Distribution status, habitat characteristics, and extinction threat evaluation of the endangered species, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis were investigated in 2015 and 2019. Historical distribution reports of B. l. tsinlingensis were divided into before 1990, 1997~2006, 2000~2011, and 2010~2019. Among the 150 sampling sites investigated during the study period, number of individuals of B. l. tsinlingensis were collected 542 individuals from 67 sites. The streams inhabited of B. l. tsinlingensis were Naerincheon (11 stations), Odaecheon (11 stations), Bukcheon (10 stations), Bangtaecheon (8 stations), Songjeongricheon (4 stations), Suipcheon (3 stations), Inbukcheon (3 stations), Hyeondongcheon (3 stations) etc. The main habitat of B. l. tsinlingensis was upstream of the river with a high altitude of more than 400 m, 4~20 m water flow width, 1~2 m water depth, and high ratio (70~80%) boulder bottoms. The main reasons for the decline in population size were assumed as river works, construction of reservoirs and bridges, discharge of contaminated water into the river, the inflow of summer vacationers, and weir. Compared to our results there exists evidence that states a 20.7% reduction in occupancy within 10 years, in a small appearance range (7,732 km2) and occupancy area (268 km2), number of disconnected locations (15 locations), and a decline in habitat quality. Therefore, B. l. tsinlingensis is now considered as Near Threatened (NT) based on the results (Near meets VU A2acd, B1b(i,ii,iii)+B2b(i,ii,iii)) of IUCN Red List categories and criteria.
Keywords
Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis; endangered species; distribution aspect; extinction threat evaluation;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Jang, J.E., J.H. Kim, J.H. Kang, S.Y. Baek, J. Wang, J.G. Lee, J.K. Choi and H.J. Lee. 2017. Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the endangered Manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, at its southern range margin: conservation implications for future restoration. Conserv. Genet., 18: 1023-1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0953-7.
2 IUCN. 2019. IUCN Red List of threatened species. version (12/2020). Retrieved from http://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools.
3 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2015. Ecological survey of DMZ protected areas(Eastern Coast Area). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 441pp.
4 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2016. Ecological survey of DMZ protected areas (Eastern Mountain Area). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 545pp.
5 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2017a. Ecological survey of Baekdudaegan protected areas (Myojeoggae~Hwabanggae). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 464pp.
6 Kani, T. 1944. Ecology of torrent-inhabiting insects. In: Furukawa, J. (ed.), Insect I. Kenkyu-sha, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 171-317.
7 Kim, C.H., K.E. Hong, J.H. Kim and K.H. Kim. 2006. Ichthyofauna in Yeongok Stream, Gangneung, Korea. Korean J. Ichthyol., 18: 244-250.
8 Kim, I.S. 1997. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna & flora of Korea. Vol. 37. Freshwater fishes. Ministry of Education, Yeongi, Korea, 518pp.
9 Kim, I.S. and J.Y. Park. 2007. Freshwater fishes of Korea. Kyohak Publishing Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea, 467pp.
10 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2001. Natural resource survey of Seoraksan National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Seoul, Korea, 487pp.
11 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2004. Natural resource survey of Odaesan National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Seoul, Korea, 738pp.
12 Jang, M.H., G.J. Joo and M.C. Lucas. 2006. Diet of introduced largemouth bass in Korean rivers and potential interactions with native fishes. Ecol. Freshw. Fish, 15: 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00161.x.   DOI
13 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2018a. Ecological survey of Baekdudaegan protected areas (Thatjae~Sapdangryeong). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 428pp.
14 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2017b. Ecological survey of Baekdudaegan protected areas (Hwabanggae~Thatjae). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 416pp.
15 Yoon, J.D., J.H. Kim, H.B. Jo, M.A. Yeom, W.M. Heo, G.J. Joo and M.H. Jang. 2014. Seasonal habitat utilization and movement patterns of the threatened Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis in a Korean river. Envron. Biol. Fishes, 98: 225-236.
16 WPOE (Wonju Provincial Office of Environment). 2017. Culture and restoration research of endangered wildlife (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis). Wonju Provincial Office of Environment, Wonju, Korea, 45pp.
17 Yoon, H.N., K.D. Kim, Y.L. Jeon, J.H. Lee and Y.J. Park. 2013. Stomach contents of the manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) and river salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in the Odae Mountain, Gangwondo. Korean J. Ichthyol., 25: 90-105.
18 Yoon, J.D. and M.H. Jang. 2009. Migration patterns of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis using Radio tags in the upper part of the Nakdong River. Korean J. Limnol., 42: 58-66.
19 Yoon, Y.Y. and H.S. Kim. 2004. Effect of typhoon "Rusa" on the natural Yeon-gok stream and coastal ecosystem in the Yeong-dong province. J. Korean Soc. Mar. Envion. Energy, 7: 35-41.
20 Yu, J.N. and M. Kwak. 2015. The complete mitochondrial genome of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (Salmoninae, Salmonidae) and its intraspecific variation. Gene, 573: 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.049.   DOI
21 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2012a. Natural resource survey of Seoraksa (Jeombongsan) National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Namwon, Korea, 316pp.
22 Ko, M.H., M.S. Han and S.M. Kwan. 2018a. Distribution aspect and extinction threat evaluation of the endangered species, Cottus hangiongensis(Pisces: Cottidae) in Korea. Korean J. Ichthyol., 30: 155-160.   DOI
23 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2013. Natural resource survey of Odaesan National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Namwon, Korea, 856pp.
24 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2017. Natural resource survey of Taebaesan National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Wonju, Korea, 852pp.
25 Ko, M.H. 2016. Distribution status and threatened assessment of endangered species, Pungitius sinensis(Pisces: Gasterosteidae) in Korea. Korean J. Ichthyol., 28: 186-191.
26 Ko, M.H., M.S. Han and S.M. Kwan. 2018b. Distribution aspect and extinction threat evaluation of the endangered species, Rhodeus pseudosericeus(Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Korea. Korean J. Ichthyol., 30: 100-106.   DOI
27 Ko, M.H., M.S. Han and S.M. Kwan. 2019. Distribution aspects and extinction threat evaluation of the Korean endemic species, Iksookimia pacifica (Pisces: Cobitidae) in Korea. Korean J. Ichthyol., 31: 16-22. https://doi.org/10.35399/ISK.31.1.3.   DOI
28 Ko, M.H., Y.S. Kwan, W.K. Lee and Y.J. Won. 2017. Impact of human activities on changes of ichthyofauna in Dongjin River of Korea in the past 30 years. Anim. Cells Syst., 21: 207-2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2017.1330223.   DOI
29 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2012b. Natural resource survey of Odaesan (Gyebangsan) National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Namwon, Korea, 331pp.
30 Ko, M.S. 2020. A study of the fish community and habitat characteristics of the manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) population in Hongcheon. Master Thesis, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea, 101pp.
31 ME (Ministry of Environment). 2005. Enforcement of wildlife laws (Law No. 7167).
32 Kwater. 2007. A guidebook of rivers in South Korea. Kwater, Daejeon, Korea, 582pp.
33 ME (Ministry of Environment). 1997-2006. The 2nd national environment investigation of freshwater fish. Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea.
34 ME (Ministry of Environment). 1998. Natural environment conservation act(Law No. 5392).
35 ME (Ministry of Environment). 2007-2011. The 3rd national environment investigation of freshwater fish. Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea.
36 Choi, K.C. 1990. The nature of Gyeongbuk, freshwater fishes. Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Office of Education, Daegu, Korea, 408pp.
37 ME (Ministry of Environment). 2012. Conservation and management laws of wildlife (Law No. 10977).
38 ME (Ministry of Environment). 2017. Conservation and management laws of wildlife (amendment of enforcement regulations)(Law No. 10977).
39 NIBR (National Institute of Biological Resources). 2011. Red data book of endangered fishes in Korea. Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea, 202pp.
40 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2019a. Ecological survey of Baekdudaegan protected areas (Sinbaeryeong~Daeganryeong). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 450pp.
41 Cummins, K.W. 1962. An evolution of some techniques for the collection and analysis of benthic samples with special emphasis on lotic waters. Amer. Midl. Nat'l., 67: 477-504.   DOI
42 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2010. Natural resource survey of Seoraksa National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Namwon, Korea, 679pp.
43 KNPS (Korea National Park Service). 2015. Natural resource survey of Chiaksan National Park. Korea National Park Research Institute, Wonju, Korea, 797pp.
44 Choi, K.C., S.R. Jeon, I.S. Kim and Y.M. Son. 1990. Coloured illustrations of the freshwater fishes of Korea. Hyangmun Publishing Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea, 277pp.
45 IUCN. 2001. IUCN red list categories and criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Comission. IUCN, ii + 30pp.
46 Choi, K.C. 1986. The nature of Gangwon, freshwater fishes. Gangwon Provincial Office of Education, Chuncheon, Korea, 389pp.
47 Byeon, H.K. 2011. The characteristic of fish fauna and Brachimystax lenok tsinlingensis individuals in the Bonghwa-gun, Korea. Kor. J. Env. Eco., 25: 878-886.
48 Byeon, H.K., K.S. Jo, J.S. Choi, J.H. Park, J.K. Choi, Y.M. Son and S.R. Jeon. 1995. Diet of manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) at Jindong Stream. Korean J. Limnol., 28: 279-287. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2015.48.2.139.
49 CHA(Cultural Heritage Administration). 2004. Rport of survey and management of natural monument species, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis. Cultural Heritage Administration, Daejeon, Korea, 103pp.
50 NIBR (National Institute of Biological Resources). 2019. Red data book of Republic of Korea, Volume 3. Freshwater fishes. Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea, 250pp.
51 NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2009. Ecological survey of DMZ protected areas (Odaesan Jingogae~Samcheok Thatjae). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea, 371pp.
52 Kim, J.H., J.D. Yoon, H.B. Jo and M.H. Jang. 2015. The study on daily movement patterns of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis inhabit in the upper part of the Nkdong River. Korean J. Ecol. Environ., 48: 139-145.   DOI
53 Chae, B.S., S.K. Kim, Y.H. Kang, N.S. Heo, J.M. Park, H.U. Ha and U.W. Hwang. 2015. Ichthyofauna and fish community structure in upper reach of the Nakdong River, Korea. Korean J. Ichthyol., 27: 116-132.
54 Ko, M.H., M.S. Han and S.M. Kwan. 2020. Distribution status and extinction threat evaluation of the Korean endemic species, Iksookimia yongdokensis(Pisces: Cobitidae). Korean J. Ichthyol., 31: 16-22. https://doi.org/10.35399/ISK.31.1.3.   DOI
55 NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2010. Ecological survey of DMZ protected areas (Goseong Hyangrobong~Odaesan Jingogae). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea, 445pp.
56 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2018b. Ecological survey of Baekdudaegan protected areas (Sapdangryeong~Sinbaeryeong). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 432pp.
57 NIE (National Institute of Ecology). 2019b. Ecological survey of Baekdudaegan protected areas(Daeganryeong~Samjaeryeong). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea, 455pp.
58 NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2008. Ecological survey of DMZ protected areas (Samcheok Thatjae~Songnisan Hyeongjebong). Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea, 503pp.
59 NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2012. Ecosystem survey of DMZ area. Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea, 283pp.
60 NPRI(National Park Research Institute). 2013. Habitat environment and genetic diversity between the groups of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis in Odaesan National Park. National Park Research Institute, Wonju, Korea, 101pp.
61 Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin, J.J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bioomfield, R. Dirzo, H.S. Elisabeth, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R. Leemans, M.L. David, H. Mooney, A.O. Martin, N.L. Poff, T.S. Martin, B.H. Walker, W. Marilyn and D.H. Wall, 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287: 1770-1774. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770.   DOI