Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9718/JBER.2015.36.1.31

Effects of Static Magnetic Fields of Earphones and Headphones on Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators  

Chung, J.W. (Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Choi, S.B. (Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Park, J.S. (Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Kim, D.W. (Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research / v.36, no.1, 2015 , pp. 31-36 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of static magnetic fields of earphones and headphones on pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICDs). Five pacemakers and three ICDs were subjected to in-vitro test with three headphones which were an in-ear earphone, clip-on headphone, and closed-back headphone. Each implantable device was placed in close proximity(within 3 mm) to the ear-pad of each of the earphone and headphones for 3 min. As a result, no effects were observed on the pacemakers for the earphone and headphones during the test, but an effect was observed on one ICD for the clip-on and closed-back headphone during the test. When the ICD was placed in close proximity to the headphones, the ICD temporarily suspended functions of tachyarrhythmia detection and therapy. The effect was not observed in this study when the headphones were at least 2 cm from the ICD. Based on these findings, patients with ICDs should be advised to keep earphones and headphones at least 2 cm apart from their ICDs.
Keywords
Earphone; Headphone; Pacemaker; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Malfunction;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 A.J. Greenspon, J.D. Patel, E. Lau, J.A. Ochoa, D.R. Frisch, R.T. Ho, B.B. Pavri, and S.M. Kurtz, "16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1001-1006, 2011.   DOI
2 K. Dyrda and P. Khairy. "Implantable rhythm devices and electromagnetic interference: myth or reality?," Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 823-832, 2008.   DOI
3 R. Beinart, M.L. Guy, and P.T. Ellinor, "Intermittent, erratic behaviour of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary to a hidden magnetic source of interference," Europace, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1508-1509, 2011.   DOI
4 H.N. Hong, T.H. Kang, and B.N. Hong, "Survey on the Use of MP3 Players of High School Students and the Effect to Their Hearing Thresholds," The Acoustical Society of Korea, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 56-63, 2013.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Korea Communications Commission, Korea Communications Commission Annual Report 2013, 2014.
6 S. Ryf, T. Wolber, F. Duru, and R. Luechinger, "Interference of neodymium magnets with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: an in vitro study," Technol. Health Care, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2008.
7 T. Wolber, S. Ryf, C. Binggeli, J. Holzmeister, C. Brunckhorst, R. Luechinger, and F. Duru, "Potential interference of small neodymium magnets with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators," Heart Rhythm, vol. 4 no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2007.   DOI
8 E.H. Lucas, D. Johnson, and B.P. McElroy, "The effects of electronic article surveillance systems on permanent cardiac pacemakers: an in vitro study," Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 2021-2026, 1994.   DOI
9 A.D. Bernstein, J.C. Daubert, R.D. Fletcher, D.L Hayes, B. Lüderitz, D.W. Reynolds, M.H. Schoenfeld, and R. Sutton, "The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia, adaptive-rate, and multisite pacing. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology/British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group," Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 260-264, 2002.   DOI
10 M.E. McIvor, J. Reddinger, E. Floden, R.C. Sheppard, D. Johnson, G.I. Becker, and M. Mayotte, "Study of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator triggering by electronic article surveillance devices(SPICED TEAS)," Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1847-1861, 1998.   DOI
11 W.J. Groh, S.A. Boschee, E.D. Engelstein, W.M. Miles, M.E. Burton, P.R. Foster, B.J. Crevey, and D.P. Zipes, "Interactions between electronic article surveillance systems and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators," Circulation, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 387-392, 1999.   DOI
12 Medtronic, Inc. Implantable pacemaker and defibrillator information: Magnets, Mounds View, Minneapolis: Medtronic int., 2006, http://www.medtronic.com/rhythms/downloads/3215ENp7_magnets_online.pdf
13 Medtronic CRDM Technical Services, Magnet Use For Suspending Medtronic ICD Detection, Mounds View, Minneapolis: Medtronic int., 2014, http://www.medtronic.com/wcm/groups/mdtcom_sg/@mdt/@corp/documents/documents/crdm_sl_magnet_icd.pdf
14 S. Lee, K. Fu, T. Kohno, B. Ransford, and W.H. Maisel, "Clinically significant magnetic interference of implanted cardiac devices by portable headphones," Heart Rhythm, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 1432-1436, 2009.   DOI
15 N.H. Kim, K.H. Yun, and S.K. Oh, "Sudden Cardiac Death," J. Korean Med. Assoc., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 214-227, 2010.   DOI
16 Medtronic CRDM Technical Services, Magnet Use with Medtronic Pacemakers, Mounds View, Minneapolis: Medtronic int., 2014, http://www.medtronic.com/wcm/groups/mdtcom_sg/@mdt/@corp/documents/documents/crdm_sl_magnet_ipg.pdf
17 M. Bilitch, R.S. Cosby, E.A. Cafferky, "Ventricular fibrillation and competitive pacing," N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 276, no. 11, pp. 598-604, 1967.   DOI
18 R. Luechinger, F. Duru, V.A. Zeijlemaker, M.B. Scheidegger, P. Boesiger, and R. Candinas, "Pacemaker reed switch behavior in 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging units: are reed switches always closed in strong magnetic fields?," Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1419-1423, 2002.   DOI
19 R. Beinart and S. Nazarian, "Effects of External Electrical and Magnetic Fields on Pacemakers and Defibrillators From Engineering Principles to Clinical Practice," Circulation, vol. 128 no. 25, pp. 2799-2809, 2013.   DOI
20 Medtronic CRDM Technical Services, Electromagnetic Interference(EMI), Mounds View, Minneapolis: Medtronic int., 2013, http://www.medtronic.com/wcm/groups/mdtcom_sg/@mdt/@corp/documents/documents/crdm_sl_emi.pdf