Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2015.25.4.441

A Literature Review of Parkinson's Disease Rating, Balance, Fall and Gait Scales  

Kim, Chang-Hwan (Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Inha University)
Kim, Mi-Young (Department of Exercise Rehabilitation Welfare, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University)
Lim, Bee-Oh (Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chungang University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics / v.25, no.4, 2015 , pp. 441-451 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objective : The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare the differences between Parkinson's disease rating, balance, fall and gait scales. Results : Parkinson's disease rating scales include the Hoehn-Yahr Scale and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The Hoehn-Yahr Scale can measure disease rates easily; however it is not sensitive enough to evaluate the disease's process and management. UPDRS's advantage is in it's higher inter-reliability score; however it is more complicated to use. Parkinson's balance scales are comprised of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). BBS has the advantage in that it is cheaper to measure and simple in use. ABC's advantage is especially in it's ability to measure higher functional levels; however it is more difficult measure responses due to scores appearing in both extremes. The Fall Efficacy Scale (FES) and The Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFE) are Parkinson's fall scales. FES's leverage over SAFE is that it is simpler to measure; however it does not coincide with responses which proves disadvantageous in measuring balance loss in high-level Parkinson's patients. SAFE's advantage is in it's simpler use and ability to be utilized without encountering the fear of fall; however it's at a disadvantage in regards to its use with multilateral aspects providing insufficient inspection. Lastly, the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) and the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) are Parkinson's gait scales. DGI is advantageous in its ability to test gait ability when exposed to a variety of external environments; however it is disadvantageous in that it registers higher scores with activities. FGA's advantage is in it's dynamic balance test; however it at a disadvantage with those unable to walk. Conclusion : A researcher of Parkinson's patients must choose each scale while considering their positive and negative characteristics.
Keywords
Parkinson; Balance; Fall; Gait scale;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Chou, W. C., Tinetti, M. E., King, M. B., Irwin, K., & Fortinsky, R. H. (2006). Perceptions of physicians on the barriers and facilitators to integrating fall risk evaluation and management into practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21(2), 117-122.   DOI
2 Cole, B., Finch, E., Gowland, C., et al. (1995). Physical Rehabilitation Outcome Measures. Williams & Wilkins.
3 del Olmo, M. F., & Cudeiro, J. (2005). Temporal variability of gait in Parkinson disease: effects of a rehabilitation programme based on rhythmic sound cues. Parkinsonisn Relat Disord, 11(1), 25-33.   DOI
4 Fahn, S., Elton, R. L., & Members of the UPDRS development committee (1987). The unified Parkinson's disease rating scale. In: Fahn, S., Marsden, C. E., Goldstein, M., eds. Recent development in Parkinson's disease. 2nd ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wlkins. 153-163.
5 Hill, K. D., Schwarz, J. A., Kalogeropoulos, A. J., & Gibson, S. J. (1996). Fear of falling revisited. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 1025-1029.   DOI
6 Hwang, S. J., Lee, C. H., & Park, S. Y. (2007). Application of rasch analysis to the activities-specific balance confidence(ABC) scale. Korean Research Society of Physical Therapy, 14(1), 37-45.
7 Jonsdottir, J., & Cattaneo, D. (2007). Reliability and validity of the dynamic gait index in persons with chronic stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 88(11), 1410-1415.   DOI
8 Jung, H. Y., Park, J. H., Shim, J. J., Kim, M. J., Hwang, M. R., & Kim, S. H. (2006). Reliability test of korean version of berg balance scale. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 30(6), 611-618.
9 Lim, S. K. (2010). Validity and reliability of korean survey of activity and fear of falling in the elderly(K-SAFE). Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, 40(1), 359-368.
10 Lin, J. H., Hsu, M. J., Hsu, H. W., Wu, H. C., & Hsieh, C. L. (2010). Psychometric comparisons of 3 functional ambulation measures for patients with stroke. Stroke, 41(9), 2021-2025.   DOI
11 Martignori, E., Franchignoni, F., Pasetti, C., Ferriero, G., & Picco, D. (2003). Psychometric properties of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale of the short Parkinson's evaluation scale. Neurological Sciences, 24(3), 190-191.   DOI
12 Miller, J. L. (2002). Parkinson's disease primer. Geriatric Nursing, 23(2), 69-75.   DOI
13 Morris, M. E., Huxham, F., McGinley, J., Dodd, K., & Iansek, R. (2001). The biomechanics and motor control of gait in Parkinson disease. Clinical Biomechanics, 16(6), 459-470.   DOI
14 Nelson, R. C., & Amin, M. A. (1990). Falls in the elderly. Emergency Medicine Clinics North America, 8(2), 309-324.
15 Park, C. S. (2015). The inter intra-rater reliability and longitudinal construct validity of short form of the dynamic gait index in patients with subacute stroke. Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science, 54(3), 45-58.
16 Powell, L. E., & Myers, A. M. (1995). The activities-specific balance confidence(ABC) scale. The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences. 50A(1), M28-M34.   DOI
17 Resnick, B. (1999). Falls in a community of older adults: putting research into practice. Clinical Nursing Research, 8(3), 251-266.   DOI
18 Berg, K., Wood-Dauphinee, S., & David, G. (1989). Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Canada, 41, 304-311.   DOI
19 Yu, Y. J., & Lim, B. O. (2008). Analysis of lower extremity muscle activity in Parkinson's patients for improving sit to stand movement. Korean Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 47(1), 449-458.
20 An, S. H., Lee, D. G., Lee, Y. B., & Lee, G. C. (2014). Inter-rater absolute reliability and concurrent validity of tinetti-gait scale(Korean version) in stroke patients. Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 9(2), 201-211.   DOI
21 Berg, K., Wood-Dauphinee, S., & Williams, J. I. (1995). The balnace scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicione, 27, 27-36.
22 Bloem, B. R., Beckley, D. J., Remler, M. P., Roos, R. A., & Van Dijk J. G. (1995). Postural reflexes in parkinson's disease during 'resist' and 'yield' tasks. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 129(2), 109-119.   DOI
23 Bosscher, J., Raymakers, E. R. P. M., Tromp, E. A. M., & Smit. J. H. (2005). Angst om te vallen: psychometrische aspecten van tinetti's falls efficacy scale. Tijdschrift Voor Gerontologie En Geriatrie, 36, 5-10.
24 Brod, M., Mendelsohn, G. A., & Roberts, B. (1998). Patients' experiences of parkinson's disease. Journal of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53(4), 213-222.
25 Kim, C. H., Kim, M. Y., Moon, J. H., & Lim, B. O. (2014). Effects of Hoehn-Yahr scale on the activation of lower extremity muscles during walking with Parkinson's patients. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 24(3), 287-293.   DOI
26 Kim, J. H., & Won, C. H. (2004). Analysis of information processing an akinesia in patients with parkinson's disease. Korean Journal of Physical Education. 43(4), 171-180.
27 Kim, M. Y., Kim, C. H., & Lim, B. O. (2013). Effects of Hoehn-Yahr scale on the gait with Parkinson's patients. Korean Journal of Physical Education. 52(4), 545-552.
28 Kim, M. Y., Kim, C. H., & Lim, B. O. (2014). The effects of 12-week exercise program on freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease. Korean Journal of Physical Education. 53(3), 739-747.
29 Lachman, M. E., Howland, J., Tennstedt, S., Jette, A., Assmann, S., & Peterson, E. W. (1998). Fear of falling and activity restriction: the survey of activities and fear of falling in the elderly (SAFE). The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciiences, 53(1), 43-50.
30 Lee, S. Y., & Hwang, S. J. (2011). The comparison of unified parkinson's disease rating scale motor examination on fallers with non-fallers for Parkinson's disease. Korean Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science. 50(4), 171-182.
31 Lim, B. O., & Kim, M. Y. (2007). Lower extremity muscle activity on the obstacle gait in older Parkinson's disease. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 17(4), 141-148.   DOI
32 Lim, K. C., Park, K. O., & Kim, B. J. (1997). A Study on the Correlations between Social Support, Dependence of Activities of Daily Living and depression in Patients with parkinson's disease. J Korean Acad Adult Nurs, 9(3), 366-377.
33 Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. (1995). Motor Control: Theory and Practical Applications. Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, 323-324.
34 Scandalis, T., Bosak, A., Berliner, J., Helman, L., & Wells, M. (2001). Resistance training and gait function in patients with parkinson's disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 80, 38-48.   DOI
35 Shumway-Cook, A., Baldwin, M., Polissar, N. L., & Gruber, W. (1997). Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults. Physical Therapy. 77(8), 812-819.   DOI
36 Shumway-Cook, A., Brauer, S., & Woollacott, M. (2000). Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed up & go test. Physical Therapy, 80, 896-903.
37 Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M., H. (2011). Motor Control: Translating Research Into Clinical Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia. PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
38 Siderowf, A., McDermott, M., Kieburtzz, K., Blindauer, K., Plumb, S., & Shoulson, I. (2002). Test-retest reliability of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale in patients with early Parkinson's disease: Results from a multicenter clinical trial. Movement Disorder, 17(4), 758-763.   DOI
39 Song, G, A., Monn, J. S., & Lee, K. S. (2004). Prevalence and associated factors of falls among people with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 34(6), 1081-1091.   DOI
40 Spillantini, M. G., Schmidt, M. L., Lee, V. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Jakes, R., & Goedert, M. (1997). Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature, 388, 839-840.   DOI
41 Tideiksaar, R. (2001). Falls in Older Persons: Prevention & Mangement. Baltimore: Health professions press.
42 Walker, M. L., Austin, A. G., Banke, G. M., et al. (2007). Reference group data for the functional gait assessment. Physical Therapy. 87(11), 1468-1477.   DOI
43 Tinetti, M. E. (1986). Performance oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34(2), 119-126.   DOI
44 Tinetti, M. E., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Doucette, J. T., & Baker, D. I. (1994). Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders. Journal of Gerontology, 49, M140-147.   DOI
45 Tinetti, M. E., Richman, D., & Powell, L. ( 1990). Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. The Journals of Gerontology, 45(6), 239-243.
46 Won, J. I., & Kim, K. S. (2011). Concurrent validity of the functional gait assessment, berg balance scale, and timed up and go test in patients with stroke. Korean Research Society of Physical Therapy, 18(2), 43-51.
47 Wrisley, D. M., Marchetti, G. F., Kuharsky, D. K., & Whitney, S. L. (2004). Reliability, internal consistency, and validity of data obtained with the functional gait assessment. Physical Therapy, 84(10), 906-918.
48 Yang, C. S., & Lim, B. O. (2012). Analysis of lower extremity muscle activities in Parkinson's patients for improving to stop task. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 22(3), 333-339.   DOI
49 Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Hauer, K., Kempen, G., Piot-Ziegler, C., & Todd, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age and Ageing, 34, 614-619.   DOI