Browse > Article

EFFECTS OF HYDROQUINONE ON NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN EPITHELIAL CELLS IN CULTURE  

Sohn, Jung-Hee (Seoul Adventist Dental Hospital)
Kim, Chin-Soo (Department of oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University)
Publication Information
Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery / v.32, no.3, 2010 , pp. 218-228 More about this Journal
Abstract
Components of dental resin-based restorative materials are reported to leach from the filling materials even after polymerization. Hydroquinone (HQ) is one of the major monomers used in the dental resin and is known as a carcinogen. Thus, carcinogenic risk of HQ leaching from the dental resin becomes a public health concern. The present study attempted to examine the carcinogenic potentials of HQ on the human epithelial cell, which is the target cell origin of the most of oral cancers. Cytotoxicity of HQ was observed above 50${\mu}M$ as measured by LDH assay, indicating a relatively low toxicity of this substance in human epithelial cells. The parameters of neoplastic cellular transformation such as cell saturation density, soft agar colony formation and cell aggregation were analyzed to examine the carcinogenic potential of HQ. The study showed that 2-week exposure of HQ showed the tendency of increase in the saturation density and the significant enhancement of soft agar colony formation at the highest dose, 50 ${\mu}M$ only. It is suggested that HQ has a weak potential of carcinogenicity. When cells were treated with HQ and TPA, a well-known tumor promoter, the parameters of neoplastic cellular transformation was significantly increased. This result indicates that the potential risk of carcinogenicity from HQ is largely dependent upon the presence of promoter. Exposure of 50 ${\mu}M$ HQ increased the time-dependent apoptosis as measured by the ELISA kit. This concentration coincides with a dose of neoplastic transformation, indicating a possible link between apoptosis and HQ-induced cellular transformation. Hydroquinone generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which was evidenced by the treatment of antioxidants such as trolox and N-acetyl cysteine and the GSH depleting agent, BSO. Antioxidants blocked the generation of ROS and the GSH depleting agent, BSO dramatically increased the ROS production. Since HQ is known to increase ROS production thru activation of transcriptional factor such as c-Myb and Pim-1, it is speculated that ROS generation by HQ plays a role in the activation of oncogene, which may lead to neoplastic transformation. In addition, ROS is involved in the alteration of signal transduction, which regulates the apoptosis in many cellular systems. Thus, ROS-mediated apoptosis may be involved in the HQ-induced carcinogenic processes. Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to play pivotal roles in neoplastic transformation of cells and its high expression is often found in a variety of types of tumors including oral cancer. PKC translocation of PKC-${\alpha}$ was observed following HQ exposure. Altered signaling system may also play a role in the transformation process. Taken together, HQ leached from the dental resin does not pose a significant threat as a cancer causing agent, but its carcinogenic potential can be significantly elevated in the presence of promoter. The mechanism of HQ-induced carcinogenesis involved ROS generation, apoptosis and altered signaling pathway. The present study will provide a valuable data to estimate the potential risk of HQ as a carcinogen and understand mechanism of HQ-induced carcinogenesis in human epithelial cells.
Keywords
Hydroquinone; Carcinogenicity;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Michelsen VB, Lygre H, Skalevik R et al : Identification of organic eluates from four polymer-based dental filling materials. Eur J Oral Sci. 3 : 263, 2003.
2 Rogalewicz R, Batko K, Voelkel A : Identification of organic extractables from commercial resin-modified glassionomers using HPLC-MS. J Environ Monit. 7 : 750, 2006.
3 Rogalewicz R, Voelkel A, Kownacki I : Application of HSSPME in the determination of potentially toxic organic compounds emitted from resin-based dental materials. J Environ Monit. 8 : 377, 2006.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Michelsen VB, Moe G, Skalevik R et al : Quantification of organic eluates from polymerized resin-based dental restorative materials by use of GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 850 : 83, 2007.   DOI
5 Geurtsen W : Substances released from dental resin composites and glass ionomer cements. Eur J Oral Sci. 106 : 687, 1998.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Sun C, Zong Z, Wang Y et al : Expressions of five protein kinase C isoforms in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Hua Xi Kou Qiang yi Xue Za Zhi. 18 : 237, 2000.
7 Khun K, Shikhman AR, Lotz M : Role of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and p38 MAP kinase in the regulation of human chondrocyte apoptosis. J Cell Physiol. 197 : 379, 2003   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Atsumi T, Tonosaki K, Fujisawa S : Induction of early apoptosis and ROS-generation activity in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG) cells treated with curcumin. Arch Oral Biol 51 : 913, 2006   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Butterworth BE, Bogdanffy MS : A comprehensive approach to integration of toxicity and cancer risk assessments. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 29 : 23, 1999.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Nishizuka Y : Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular response. FASEB J. 9 : 484, 1995.   DOI
11 Rhim JS, Fujita J, Arnstein P et al : Neoplastic conversion of human epidermal keratinocytes by Ad12-SV40 virus and chemical carcinogens. Science 232 : 385, 1986.   DOI
12 Martinez-Gimeno C, Diaz-Meco MT, Dominguez I et al : Alterations in levels of different protein kinase C isotypes and their influence on behavior of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity : Epsilon PKC, a novel prognostic factor for relapse and survival. Head Neck. 17 : 516, 1995.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Yang JH, Vogel C, Abel J : A malignant transformation of human cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exhibits altered expression of growth regulatory factors. Carcinogenesis 21 : 13, 1999
14 Farber E : The multiple nature of cancer. Cancer Res. 44 : 4217, 1984.
15 Eastmond DA, Smith MT, Ruzo LO et al : Metabolic activation of phenol by human myeloperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Mol Pharmacol. 6 : 674, 1986.
16 Marrazzini A, Chelotti L, Barrai I et al : In vivo genotoxic interactions among three phenolic benzene metabolites. Mutat Res. 1 : 29, 1994.
17 Huff J : Benzene-induced cancers : Abridged history and occupational health impact. Int J Occup Environ Health. 13 : 213, 2007.   DOI
18 Rhim JS : Neoplastic transformation of human epithelial cells in vitro. Anticancer Res. 9 : 1345, 1989.
19 Voie OA, Fonnum O : Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in rat synaptosomes. Arch. Toxicol. 73 : 588, 2000.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Rivedal E, Witz G : Benzene metabolites block gap junction intercellular communication. Role in hematotoxicity and leukemia. Chem Biol Interact. 153 : 257, 2005.   DOI
21 Mattia CJ, Adams JD Jr, Bondy SC : Free radical induction in the brain and liver by products of toluene catabolism. Biochem Pharmacol. 46 : 103, 1993.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Polyzois GL : In vitro evaluation of dental materials. Clin Mater. 16 : 21, 1994.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Theilig C, Tegtmeier Y, Leyhausen G et al : Effects of BisGMA and TEGDMA on proliferation, migration, and tenascin expression of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. J Biomed Mater Res. 53 : 632, 2000.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Wan J, Winn LM : The effects of benzene and the metabolites phenol and catechol on c-Myb and Pim-1 signaling in HD3 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 201 : 194, 2004.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Wan J, Badham HJ, Winn L : The role of c-MYB in benzene- initiated toxicity. Chem Biol Interact. 153 : 171, 2005.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Hirabayashi Y, Yoon BI, Li GX et al : Mechanism of benzene- induced hematotoxicity and leukemogenicity : current review with implication of microarray analyses. Toxicol Pathol. 32 : 12, 2004.   DOI
27 McGregor D : Hydroquinone : an evaluation of the human risks its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Crit Rev Toxicol. 37 : 887, 2007.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Levay G, Pongracz K, Bodell WJ : Detection of DNA adducts in HL-60 cells treated with hydroquinone and pbenzoquinone by 32P-postlabeling. Carcinogenesis. 12 : 1181, 1991.   DOI   ScienceOn