Browse > Article

Effects of Temperature and Nematode Concentration on Pathogenicity and Reproduction of Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon Strain (Nematoda: Steinernematidae)  

추호렬 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부)
이동운 (상주대학교 농업과학연구소)
윤희숙 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부)
이상명 (임업연구원 남부임업시험장)
항다오싸이 (경상대학교 응용생명과학부)
Publication Information
Korean journal of applied entomology / v.41, no.4, 2002 , pp. 269-277 More about this Journal
Abstract
Ecological studies on entomopathogenic nematodes are required to increase control efficacy against target insect pests and to obtain basic information for mass production. Thus, effect of temperature and nematode concentration on infectivity and reproduction of Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon and that of exposure time and soil depth on infectivity were examined using Galleria mellonella larvae. Infectivity and reproduction were examined at five temperatures, 13, 18, 24, 30 and 35$^{\circ}C$ with seven concentrations, 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 infective juveniles (IJs)/larva. Temperature and nematode concentration influenced infectivity and reproduction of S. carpocapsae Pocheon. Although G. mellonella larvae were killed by S. carpocapsae Pocheon at all given temperatures and nematode concentrations, mortality was higher at 24$^{\circ}C$ than other temperatures. Lethal time of G. mellonella by S. carpocapsae Pocheon was shorter with increasing temperature and nematode concentrations. S. carpocapsae Pocheon was not established in G. mellonella at 13 and $35^{\circ}C$. Time for the first emergence from G. mellonella cadaver was longer $18^{\circ}C$ (about 20 days) than 24 and $30^{\circ}C$ (about 5 days). The highest number of progenies was obtained at $24^{\circ}C$ with 80IJs/1arva, i.e., $18.8$\times$10^4$IJs were produced from a larva. In the exposure time assay, G. mellonella death was recorded in 10 minutes when 300 IJs were inoculated per larva. When S. carpocapsae Pocheon was inoculated at the rate of $10^{9}$ IJs/ha to G. mellonella at the depth of 0, 2, 5 and 10 cm of sand columns, 100% mortality and similar sex ratio were observed but number of established IJs in cadaver was decreased with deepening the soil depth. The results indicated that optimum temperature for infectivity and reproduction of S. carpocapsae Pocheon was $24^{\circ}C$ In addition, S. carpocapsae Pocheon was effective to target insects within 5 cm from the soil surface.
Keywords
Steinernema carpocapsae; Infectivity; Reproduction; Temperature effect; Nematode concentration effect; Lethal time;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Choo, H.Y., H.K. Kaya and S.P. Stock. 1995. Isolation Of entomo-pathogenic nematodes (Steinemematidae and Heterorhabditi-dae) from Korea. Japanese Journal of Nematology 25: 44-51   DOI
2 Converse, V. and R.W. Miller. 1999. Development of the one-on one quality assessment assay for entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 74: 143-148   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Ferguson, C.S., P.C. Schroeder and E.J. Shields. 1995. Vertical distribution, persistence, and activity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernemati-dae) in alfalfa snout beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infected fields. Biological Control. 149-158   DOI
4 Forst, S. and D. Clarke. 2002. pp. 57-77. In Entomopathogenic nematology, ed. by R. Gaugler. 388 pp. CABI publishing, Oxon
5 Fujiie, A., M. Tachibana and Y. Takata. 1995. Effects of tempera-ture on insecticidal activity of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema Kushidai (Nematoda: Steinemematidae), against Anomala cuprea (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 30: 23-30   DOI
6 Georgis, R. and G.O. Poinar. 1983. Vertical migration of Heteror-habditis bacteriopora and H. heliothidis (Nematoda: Heteror-habditidae) in sandy loam soil. Journal of Nematology. 15: 652-654
7 Gouge, D.H., K.A. Smith, L.L. Lee and T.J. Henneberry. 2000. Effect of soil depth and moisture on the vertical distribution of Steinernema riobrave (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Nematology 32: 223-228
8 Kim, H.H., H.Y. Choo, C.G. Park, S.M. Lee and Y.M. Choo. 2001a. Biological control of cotton caterpillar, Palpita indica saunder (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 40: 245-252
9 Koppenh$\ddot{o}$fer, A.M. and H.K. Kaya. 1999. Ecological Characteri-zation of Steinernema rarum. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 73: 120-128   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Khtani, K. 1997. The low development threshold temperature and the thermal constantin insects, mites and nematodes in Japan. Miscellaneous Publications of The Nationallnstitute of Agro-Environmental Sciences 21: 1-72
11 Kung, S.P., R. Gaugler and H.K. Kaya. 1991. Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57: 242-249   DOI
12 Molyneux, A.S. 1986. Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinemema spp.: temperature, and aspects of behaviour and infectivity. Experi-mental parasitology 62: 169-180   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
13 NIAST. 2000. Control and diagnosis of vegetable pests. 331 pp. Academy Press. Seoul
14 Saunders, J.E. and J.M. Webster. 1999. Temperature effects on Heterorhabditis megidis and Steinernema carpocapsae infecti-vity to Galleria mellonella. Joumal ofnematology 31: 299-30
15 Choo. H.Y., H.H. Kim, D.W. Lee and Y.D. Park. 1996. Microbial control of fly maggots with entomopathogenic nematodes and fungus in outhouses of farmhouses. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 35: 80-84
16 Lee, D.W., H.Y. Choo, H.K. Kaya, S.M. Lee, D.R. Smitly, S.K. Shin and C.G. Park. 2002. Laboratory and field evaluation of Korean entomopathogemc nematode isolates against the Orien-tal beetle, Exomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 95. (in press)
17 Wright, PJ. 1992. Cool temperature reproduction of Steinerne-matid and heterorhabditid nematodes. J. Invertebr. Pathlo. 60: 148-151   DOI
18 Mason, J.M. and W.M. Homonick. 1995. The effect of tempera ture on infection, development and reproduction of Heterorha-bditis. Joumal of Helminthology 69: 337-345   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Kaya, H.K. and R. Gaugler. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematods. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 38: 181-206   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Ricci, M., I. Glazer, J.F. Campbell and R. Gaugler. 1996. Com-parison of bioassays to measure virulence of different entomo-pathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Techology 6: 235-245   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Westerman, P.R. 1999. Aggregation of entomopathogenic nema-todes, Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinemema spp., among host insects at 9 and 20"C and effects on efficacy. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 73: 206-213   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
22 Lewis, E.E. 2002. Behaviour ecology, pp. 205-223. In Entomopa-thogenic nematology, ed. by R. Gaugler. 388 pp. CABI Publi-shine, Oxon
23 Cho, I.H. 1996. Practice and application of SAS. 665pp. Sungan-dang Pub. Co. Seoul
24 Hominick, W.M. 2002. Biogeography. pp. 115-143. In Entomo-pathogenic nematology, ed. by R. Gaugler. 388 pp. CABI Pu-blishing, Oxon
25 Bedding, R.A. and R.J. Akhurst. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nema-tologica21: 109-116
26 Hazir, S., S.P. Stock, H.K. Kaya, A.M. Koppenhofer and N. Keskin. 2001. Developmental temperature effects on five geo-graphic isolates of the entomopathogenic nematod Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 77: 243-250   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Kim, H.H., H.Y. Choo, H.S. Lee, C.G. Park, D.W. Lee, B.R. Jin and Y.M. Choo. 2001b. Biological control of Lycoriella mali (Diptera: Sciaridae), a pest of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus using entomopathogenic nematodes. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 40: 59-67
28 Simoes, N., C. Caldas, J.S. Rosa, E. Bonifassi and C. Laumond. 2000. Pathogenicity caused by high virulent and low virulent strains of Steinernama carpocapsae to Gatteria mellonella. J. Invertebr. Pathol.. 75: 47-54   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Dutky, S.R., J.V. Thompson and G.E. Cantwell. 1964. A techni-que for the mass production of the DD-136 nematode. J. Insect Pathol. 6: 417-422
30 Dowds, B.C.A. and A. Peters. 2002. Virulence mechanisms. pp. 79-98. In Entomopathogenic nematology, ed. by R. Gaugler. 388 pp. CABI publishing, Oxon
31 Woodring, J.L. and H.K. Kaya. 1988. Steinernematidae and heterorhabditid nematodes: A handbook of techniques. Sou-thern Coop. Ser. Bull. 331, Alkansas Agri. Exp. Stn. Fayett-eville, AR. 29 pp
32 Glazer, I., E. Kozodoi, G. Hashmi and R. Gaugler. 1996. Bio-logical characteristics of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. IS-5: a heat tolerant isolate from Israel. Nematologica 42: 481-492   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Koppenh$\ddot{o}$fer, A.M., S. Ganguly and H.K. Kaya. 2000. Ecological characterization of Steinernema monticolum, a cold-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from Korea. Nematology. 2: 407-416   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Lee, S.M., D.W. Lee, H.Y. Choo, D.W. Kim and J.B. Kim. 1997 Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to some agro-forest insect pests. Korean J. Soil Zoology. 2: 76-82
35 eh, T. and S.R. Alm. 1992. Effects of entomopathogenic nematode species, rate, soil moisture, and bacteria on control of japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae in the labora-tory. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 2144-2148   DOI
36 Choo, H.Y., D.W. Lee, S.M. Lee, T.W. Lee, W.G. Choi, Y.K. Chung and Y.T. Sung. 2000. Turfgrass insect pests and natural enemies in golf courses. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 39: 171-179
37 Choo. H.Y., H.H. Kim, D.W. Lee, S.M. Lee, S.H. Park, Y.M. Choo and J.K. Kim. 2001. Practical utilization of entomopatho-genie nematoges, Steinernema carpocapsae Pochen strain and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang strain for control of chestnut insect pests. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 40: 69-76
38 Schirocki, A.C. and N.G.M. Hague. 1997. The effect of selective culture of Steinemema feltiae at low temperature on establish-ment, pathogenicity, reproduction and size of infective juvenil-es. Nemato1ogica43: 481-490   DOI   ScienceOn