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http://dx.doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2020.00892

Lactate: a multifunctional signaling molecule  

Lee, Tae-Yoon (Department of Microbiology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science / v.38, no.3, 2021 , pp. 183-193 More about this Journal
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1780, lactate has long been misunderstood as a waste by-product of anaerobic glycolysis with multiple deleterious effects. Owing to the lactate shuttle concept introduced in the early 1980s, a paradigm shift began to occur. Increasing evidence indicates that lactate is a coordinator of whole-body metabolism. Lactate is not only a readily accessible fuel that is shuttled throughout the body but also a metabolic buffer that bridges glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation between cells and intracellular compartments. Lactate also acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule through receptors expressed in various cells and tissues, resulting in diverse biological consequences including decreased lipolysis, immune regulation, anti-inflammation, wound healing, and enhanced exercise performance in association with the gut microbiome. Furthermore, lactate contributes to epigenetic gene regulation by lactylating lysine residues of histones, accounting for its key role in immune modulation and maintenance of homeostasis.
Keywords
Glycolysis; Homeostasis; Lactate; Lactate receptor; Lactate shuttle; Lactylation; Oxidative; Warburg effect;
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