Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2022.03.033

Evaluation of cementation of intermediate level liquid waste produced from fission 99Mo production process and disposal feasibility of cement waste form  

Shon, Jong-Sik (Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute)
Lee, Hyun-Kyu (Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute)
Kim, Tack-Jin (Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute)
Kim, Gi-Yong (Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute)
Jeon, Hongrae (Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute)
Publication Information
Nuclear Engineering and Technology / v.54, no.9, 2022 , pp. 3235-3241 More about this Journal
Abstract
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is planning the construction of the KIJANG Research Reactor (KJRR) for stable supply of 99Mo. The Fission 99Mo Production Process (FMPP) of KJRR produces solid waste such as spent uranium cake and alumina cake, and liquid waste in the form of intermediate level liquid waste (ILLW) and low level liquid waste (LLLW). This study thus established the operating range and optimum operating conditions for the cementation of ILLW from FMPP. It also evaluated whether cement waste form samples produced under optimum operational conditions satisfy the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) of a disposal facility in Korea (Korea radioactive waste agency, KORAD). Considering economic feasibility and safety, optimum operational conditions were achieved at a w/c ratio of 0.55, and the corresponding salt content was 5.71 wt%. The cement waste form samples prepared under optimum operational conditions were found to satisfy KORAD's WAC when tested for structural stability and leachability. The results indicate that the proposed cementation conditions for the disposal of ILLW from FMMP can be effectively applied to KJRR's disposal facility.
Keywords
FMPP; Cementation; Operational conditions; Waste acceptance criteria; ILLW;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 ASTM C230/C230M-20, Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement, 2021, https://www.astm.org/c0230_c0230m-20.html. (Accessed 2 March 2022).
2 J.S. Shon, G.Y. Kim, J. Im, Evaluation of efficient cementation of fission 99Mo production process waste and feasibility disposal of cement waste form, Ann. Nucl. Energy 124 (2019) 342-348.   DOI
3 Potland Cement, KS L 5201, 2016. https://standard.go.kr/KSCI/standardIntro/getStandardSearchView.do. (Accessed 5 January 2021).
4 United states Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Waste form technical position, ReVision 1 (1991). https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0336/ML033630746.pdf. (Accessed 5 January 2021).
5 Test Method for Thermal Cycling of Electroplated Plastics, ASTM B553, 1991. https://www.document-center.com/standards/show/ASTM-B553. (Accessed 2 March 2022).
6 J.-Y. Goo, B.-J. Kim, M. Kang, J. Jeong, H.Y. Jo, J.-S. Kwon, Leaching behavior of cesium, strontium, cobalt, and europium from immobilized cement matrix, Appl. Sci. 11 (2021) 8418.   DOI
7 T.J. Ruth, The shortage of technetium-99m and possible solutions, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part Sci. 70 (2020) 77-94.   DOI
8 S.-K. Lee, S. Lee, K. Woo, S.-B. Hong, U.J. Park, Progress of Kijang Research Reactor Construction for the Mo-99 Production, 2020.
9 Korea Radioactive Wastes Agency, Safety Analysis Report of Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility, 2008.
10 J. Mukiza, E. Byamukama, J. Sezirahiga, K. Ngbolua, V. Ndebwanimana, A review on technetium and rhenium based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and therapeutic nuclear medicine, Rwanda Med. J. 75 (2018) 14-22.
11 M. Mahesh, M. Madsen, Addressing technetium-99m shortage, J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 14 (2017) 681-683.   DOI
12 S.-K. Lee, S. Lee, M. Kang, K. Woo, J. Lee, Treatment of radwastes from medical radioisotope production, in: Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference, Korean Radioactive Waste Society, 2018, pp. 184-185.
13 R.A. Rahman, D.Z. El Abidin, H. Abou-Shady, Cesium binding and leaching from single and binary contaminant cementebentonite matrices, Chem. Eng. J. 245 (2014) 276-287.   DOI
14 S.-K. Lee, G.J. Beyer, J.S. Lee, Development of industrial-scale fission 99Mo production process using low enriched uranium target, Nucl. Eng. Technol. 48 (2016) 613-623.   DOI
15 Nuclear Safety, Security Commission, Regulations on classification and selftreatment of radioactive wastes, in: NSSC. Public Notice No. 2014-003, 2014.
16 Practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency, KS L 5109 (2017). https://standard.go.kr/KSCI/standardIntro/getStandardSearchView.do. (Accessed 5 January 2021).
17 S.-K. Lee, S. Lee, M. Kang, S.-B. Hong, U.J. Park, J.S. Lee, Treatment of Radiowastes from Fission Mo-99 Production, 2017.
18 P. Mojarrad, S. Zamani, M. Seyedhamzeh, F.D. Omoomi, N. Karimpourfard, S. Hadadian, S.E.S. Ebrahimi, M.P. Hamedani, J. Farzaneh, M.S. Ardestani, Novel radiopharmaceutical (Technetium-99m)-(DOTA-NHS-ester)-Methionine as a SPECT-CT tumor imaging agent, Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 141 (2020) 105112.   DOI
19 D. Papagiannopoulou, Technetium-99m radiochemistry for pharmaceutical applications, J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. 60 (2017) 502-520.   DOI
20 D.R. Yang, K.-R. Dong, Y.-S. Park, Y.-S. Ji, Y.-K. Kim, C.-B. Kim, A study on the detection ability of minute lesions in X-ray using the molybdenum target, J. Radiat. Protect. Res. 35 (2010) 43.
21 IAEA-TECDOC-1051, Management of Radioactive Waste from "Mo Production, 1998, https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1051_prn.pdf. (Accessed 5 January 2022).
22 H.M. Saleh, F.A. El-Saied, T.A. Salaheldin, A.A. Hezo, Influence of severe climatic variability on the structural, mechanical and chemical stability of cement kiln dust-slag-nanosilica composite used for radwaste solidification, Construct. Build. Mater. 218 (2019) 556-567.   DOI
23 Solid radioactive waste processing system for light-water-cooled reactor plants, ANS 55 (2021), 1, https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/ansi/ansians552021. (Accessed 2 March 2022).
24 S. Nosier, Y. Alhamed, H. Alturaif, Enhancement of copper cementation using ceramic suspended solids under single phase flow, Separ. Purif. Technol. 52 (2007) 454-460.   DOI
25 R. Mevrel, C. Duret, R. Pichoir, Pack cementation processes, Mater. Sci. Technol. 2 (1986) 201-206.   DOI
26 Measurement of the leachability of solidified low-level radioactive wastes by A short-term test procedure, ANS 16 (2019), 1, https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/ansi/ansians162019. (Accessed 2 March 2022).
27 Standard test method for compressive strength of concrete, KS F 2405 (2017). https://e-ks.kr/streamdocs/view/sd;streamdocsId=72059197282995556. (Accessed 2 March 2022).
28 Test Method 9095B: Paint Filter Liquids Test, EPA, 2004. https://www.epa. gov/sites/default/files/2015-12/documents/9095b_0.pdf. (Accessed 2 March 2022).