Browse > Article

Prediction of Exposure to 1763MHz Radiofrequency Radiation Using Support Vector Machine Algorithm in Jurkat Cell Model System  

Huang Tai-Qin (Ilchun Molecular Medicine Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Lee Min-Su (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University)
Bae Young-Joo (Macrogen Inc.)
Park Hyun-Seok (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University)
Park Woong-Yang (Ilchun Molecular Medicine Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Seo Jeong-Sun (Ilchun Molecular Medicine Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Genomics & Informatics / v.4, no.2, 2006 , pp. 71-76 More about this Journal
Abstract
We have investigated biological responses to radiofrequency (RF) radiation in in vitro and in vivo models. By measuring the levels of heat shock proteins as well as the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), we could not detect any differences upon RF exposure. In this study, we used more sensitive method to find the molecular responses to RF radiation. Jurkat, human T-Iymphocyte cells were exposed to 1763 MHz RF radiation at an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of 10 W/kg for one hour and harvested immediately (R0) or after five hours (R5). From the profiles of 30,000 genes, we selected 68 differentially expressed genes among sham (S), R0 and R5 groups using a random-variance F-test. Especially 45 annotated genes were related to metabolism, apoptosis or transcription regulation. Based on support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, we designed prediction model using 68 genes to discriminate three groups. Our prediction model could predict the target class of 19 among 20 examples exactly (95% accuracy). From these data, we could select the 68 biomarkers to predict the RF radiation exposure with high accuracy, which might need to be validated in in vivo models.
Keywords
radiofrequency radiation; mobile phone; gene expression microarray; support vector machine;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Bolstad, B.M., Irizarry R.A., Astrand, M., and Speed, T.P. (2003), A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on bias and variance. Bioinformatics 19, 185-193   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Imaida, K., Kuzutani, K., Wang, J., Fujiwara, O., Ogiso, T., Kato, K., and Shirai, T. (2001). Lack of promotion of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]thracene-initiated mouse skin carcinogenesis by 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near fields. Carcinogenesis 22, 1837-1841   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Lantow, M., Schuderer, J., Hartwig, C., and Simko, M. (2006). Free radical release and HSP70 expression in two human immune-relevant cell lines after exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radiat. Res. 165, 88-94   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Lee, J.S., Huang, T.O., Lee, J.J., Pack, J.K., Jang, J.J., and Seo, J.S. (2005a). Subchronic exposure of hsp70. 1-deficient mice to radiofrequency radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 81, 781-792   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Persson, B.R.R., Salford, L.G., and Brun, A. (1997). Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication. Wireless Networks 3, 455-461   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Vapnik, V.N. (1998). Statistical Learning Theory. Wiley, (New York, NY)
7 Wu, R.Y., Ching, H., Shao, B.J., Li, N.G., and Fu, Y.D. (1994). Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation and phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on dimethylhydrazineinduced colon cancer in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 15, 531-538   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Lim, H.B., Cook, G.G., Barker, A.T., and Coulton, L.A. (2005). Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on non-thermal induction of heat-shock proteins in human leukocytes. Radiat. Res. 163, 45-52   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Salford, L.G., Brun, A., and Persson, B.R. (1997). Brain tumor development in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless cellular communication. Wireless Networks 3, 463-469   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Wright, G.W. and Simon, R. (2003). A random variance model for detection of differential gene expression in small microarray experiments. Bioinformatics 19, 2448-2455   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Aksen, F., Dasdag, S., Akdag, M.Z., Askin, M., and Dasdag, M.M. (2004). The effects of whole body cell phone exposure on the T1 relaxation times and trace elements in the serum of rats. Electromagnetic Biol Med. 23, 7-17   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Platt, J. (1998). Fast training of support vector machines using sequential minimal optimization. Advances in kernel methods-support vector learning. (Cambridge: MIT Press)
13 The Gene Ontology Consortium (2000). Gene Ontology: Tool for the unification of biology. Nature Genetics 25, 25-29   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Tian, F., Nakahara, T., Wake, K., Taki, M., Miyakoshi. J. (2002). Exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields induces hsp70 at a high SAR of more than 20 W/kg but not at 5 W/kg in human glioma MO54 cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 78, 433-440   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Witten, I.J. and Frank, E. (2005). Data mining: practical machine learning tools with java implementations. M. Kaufmann, 2nd ed.(San Francisco, CA)
16 Belyaev, I.Y., Koch, C.B., Terenius, O., Roxstrom-Lindquist, K., Malmgren, L.O.H., Sommer, W., Salford, L.G., and Persson, B.R. (2006). Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Bioelectromagnetics 27, 295-306   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Lee, S., Johnson, D., Dunbar, K., Dong, H., Ge, X., Kim, Y.C., Wing, C., Jayathilaka, N., Emmanuel, N., Zhou, C.Q., Gerber, H.L., Tseng, C.C., and Wang, S.M. (2005b). 2.45 GHz radiofrequency fields alter gene expression in cultured human cells. FEBS Lett. 579, 4829-4836   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Christiansen, H., Batusic, D., Saile, B., Hermann, R.M., and Dudas, J. Rave-Frank, M., Hess, C.F., Schmidberger, H., and Ramadori, G.(2006). Identification of genes responsive to gamma radiation in rat hepatocytes and rat liver by cDNA array gene expression analysis. Radiat Res. 165, 318-325   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Leszczynski, D., Joenvaara, S., Reivinen, J., and Kuokka, R. (2002). Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: Molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation 70, 120-129   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Toler, J.C., Shelton, W.W., Fri, M.R., Merritt, J.H., and Stedham, M. (1997). A long-term, low-level exposure of mice prone to mammary tumors to 435 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radial. Res. 148, 227-234   DOI
21 Paulraj, R. and Behari, J. (2002). The effect of low level continuous 2.45 GHz waves on enzymes of developing rat brain. Electromagnetic Biol. Med. 21, 221-231   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Fujimori, A., Okayasu, R., Ishihara, H., Yoshida, S., Eguchi-Kasai, K., Nojima, K., Ebisawa, S., and Takahashi, S. (2005). Extremely low dose ionizing radiation up-regulates CXC chemokines in normal human fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 65, 10159-10163   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Repacholi, M.H., Basten, A., Gebski, V., Noonan, D., Finnie, J., and Harris, A.W. (1997). Lymphomas in Emu-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHZ electromagnetic fields. Radiat. Res. 147, 631-640   DOI
24 Goswami, P.C., Albee, L.D., Parsian, A.J., Baty, J.D., Moros, E.G., Pickard, W.F., Roti Roti, J.L., and Hunt, C.R. (1999). Proto-oncogene mRNA levels and activities of multiple transcription factors in C3H10T 1/2 murine embryonic fibroblasts exposed to 835.62 and 847.74 MHz cellular phone communication frequency radiation. Radiat Res. 151, 300-309   DOI
25 Huang, T.Q., Lee, J.S., Kim, T.H., Pack, J.K., Jang, J.J., and Seo, J.S. (2005). Effect of radiofrequency radiation exposure on mouse skin tumorigenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethyl benz[alpha]anthracene. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 81, 861-867   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Whitehead, T.D., Brownstein, B.H., Parry, J.J., Thompson, D., Cha, B.A., Moros, E.G., Rogers, B.E., and Roti Roti, J.L. (2005). Expression of the proto-oncogene Fos after exposure to radiofrequency radiation relevant to wireless communications. Radiat. Res. 164, 420-430   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Park, W.Y., Hwang, C.I., Im, C.N., Kang, M.J., Woo, J.H., Kim, J.H., Kim, Y.S., Kim, J.H., Kim, H., Kim, K.A., Yu, H.J., Lee, S.J., Lee, Y.S., Seo, J.S. (2002). Identification of radiation-specific responses from gene expression profile. Oncogene 21, 8521-8528   DOI   ScienceOn