Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14475/kjhpc.2016.19.3.201

Delirium Management: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment in Palliative Care  

Seo, Min Seok (Department of Family Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Lee, Yong Joo (Department of Palliative Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Publication Information
Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care / v.19, no.3, 2016 , pp. 201-210 More about this Journal
Abstract
Delirium is a common symptom in patients with terminal cancer. The prevalence increases in the dying phase. Delirium causes negative effects on quality of life for both patients and their families, and is associated with higher mortality. However, some studies reported that it tends to remain unrecognized in palliative care setting. That may be related with difficulties to distinguish the symptom from others with overlapping characteristics such as depression and dementia, and a lack of knowledge regarding assessment and diagnostic tools. We suggest that accurate recognition with validated tools and early diagnosis of the symptom should be highly prioritized in delirium management in palliative care setting. After diagnosing delirium, it is important to identify and address reversible precipitants such as medication, dehydration, and infection. Non-pharmacological interventions including comfortable environment for the patient and family education are also essential in the management strategy. If such interventions prove ineffective or insufficient to control hyperactive symptoms, pharmacologic interventions with antipsychotics and benzodiazepine can be considered. Until now, low levels of haloperidol remains the standard treatment despite a lack of evidence. Atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone reportedly have similar efficacy with a stronger sedating property and less adverse effect compared to haloperidol. Currently, delirium medications that can be used in palliative care setting require more clinical trials, and thus, clinical guidelines are not sufficiently available. We suggest that it is warranted to develop clinical guidelines based on well-designed clinical studies for palliative care patients.
Keywords
Delirium; Palliative care; Neoplasm; Antipsychotic agents;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, Teale EA, Young J, Taylor J, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;3:CD005563.
2 Guo Y, Sun L, Li L, Jia P, Zhang J, Jiang H, et al. Impact of multicomponent, nonpharmacologic interventions on perioperative cortisol and melatonin levels and postoperative delirium in elderly oral cancer patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016;62:112-7.   DOI
3 Zaal IJ, Slooter AJ. Delirium in critically ill patients: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs 2012;72:1457-71.   DOI
4 Griffin ÉW, Skelly DT, Murray CL, Cunningham C. Cyclooxygenase-1-dependent prostaglandins mediate susceptibility to systemic inflammation-induced acute cognitive dysfunction. J Neurosci 2013;33:15248-58.   DOI
5 Matsuoka H, Yoshiuchi K, Koyama A, Otsuka M, Nakagawa K. Chemotherapeutic drugs that penetrate the blood-brain barrier affect the development of hyperactive delirium in cancer patients. Palliat Support Care 2015;13:859-64.   DOI
6 Gaudreau JD, Gagnon P. Psychotogenic drugs and delirium pathogenesis: the central role of the thalamus. Med Hypotheses 2005;64:471-5.   DOI
7 Caraceni A. Drug-associated delirium in cancer patients. EJC Suppl 2013;11:233-40.   DOI
8 Breitbart W, Tremblay A, Gibson C. An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics 2002;43:175-82.   DOI
9 Kishi Y, Kato M, Okuyama T, Thurber S. Treatment of delirium with risperidone in cancer patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012;66:411-7.   DOI
10 Prommer E. Role of haloperidol in palliative medicine: an update. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2012;29:295-301.   DOI
11 Tanimukai H, Tsujimoto H, Matsuda Y, Tokoro A, Kanemura S, Watanabe M, et al. Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Delirium in Patients With Cancer: A Preliminary Study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2016;33:456-62.   DOI
12 Hui D, Bush SH, Gallo LE, Palmer JL, Yennurajalingam S, Bruera E. Neuroleptic dose in the management of delirium in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39:186-96.   DOI
13 Hilliard N, Brown S, Mitchinson S. A case report of dexmedetomidine used to treat intractable pain and delirium in a tertiary palliative care unit. Palliat Med 2015;29:278-81.   DOI
14 Daud ML. Drug management of terminal symptoms in advanced cancer patients. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2007;1:202-6.   DOI
15 Shin SH, Hui D, Chisholm G, Kang JH, Allo J, Williams J, et al. Frequency and Outcome of Neuroleptic Rotation in the Management of Delirium in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2015;47:399-405.
16 Breitbart W, Alici Y. Evidence-based treatment of delirium in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1206-14.   DOI
17 Hjermstad M, Loge JH, Kaasa S. Methods for assessment of cognitive failure and delirium in palliative care patients: implications for practice and research. Palliat Med 2004;18:494-506.   DOI
18 Zimmerman KM, Salow M, Skarf LM, Kostas T, Paquin A, Simone MJ, et al. Increasing anticholinergic burden and delirium in palliative care inpatients. Palliat Med 2014;28:335-41.   DOI
19 Tahir TA. A review for usefulness of atypical antipsychotics and cholinesterase inhibitors in delirium. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012;45:163; author reply 164.   DOI
20 Kang JH, Shin SH, Bruera E. Comprehensive approaches to managing delirium in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013;39:105-12.   DOI
21 Sfera A, Cummings M, Osorio C. Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine: The Missing Link Between Sepsis, Cancer, and Delirium? Front Med (Lausanne) 2015;2:56.
22 Centeno C, Sanz A, Bruera E. Delirium in advanced cancer patients. Palliat Med 2004;18:184-94.   DOI
23 Grassi L, Caraceni A, Mitchell AJ, Nanni MG, Berardi MA, Caruso R, et al. Management of delirium in palliative care: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015;17:550.
24 Minagawa H, Uchitomi Y, Yamawaki S, Ishitani K. Psychiatric morbidity in terminally ill cancer patients. A prospective study. Cancer 1996;78:1131-7.   DOI
25 Combs D, Rice SA, Kopp LM. Incidence of delirium in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2094-5.   DOI
26 Morita T, Tei Y, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, Chihara S. Underlying pathologies and their associations with clinical features in terminal delirium of cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;22:997-1006.   DOI
27 Uchida M, Okuyama T, Ito Y, Nakaguchi T, Miyazaki M, Sakamoto M, et al. Prevalence, course and factors associated with delirium in elderly patients with advanced cancer: a longitudinal observational study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015;45:934-40.   DOI
28 European Delirium Association; American Delirium Society. The DSM-5 criteria, level of arousal and delirium diagnosis: inclusiveness is safer. BMC Med 2014;12:141.   DOI
29 Rainsford S, Rosenberg JP, Bullen T. Delirium in advanced cancer: screening for the incidence on admission to an inpatient hospice unit. J Palliat Med 2014;17:1045-8.   DOI
30 de la Cruz M, Noguera A, San Miguel-Arregui MT, Williams J, Chisholm G, Bruera E. Delirium, agitation, and symptom distress within the final seven days of life among cancer patients receiving hospice care. Palliat Support Care 2015;13:211-6.   DOI
31 Hosie A, Lobb E, Agar M, Davidson PM, Chye R, Phillips J. Nurse perceptions of the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale in two palliative care inpatient units: a focus group study. J Clin Nurs 2015;24:3276-85.   DOI
32 Kim KN, Kim CH, Kim KI, Yoo HJ, Park SY, Park YH. Development and validation of the Korean Nursing Delirium Scale. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42:414-23.   DOI
33 Lee Y, Ryu J, Lee J, Kim HJ, Shin IH, Kim JL, et al. Korean version of the delirium rating scale-revised-98: reliability and validity. Psychiatry Investig 2011;8:30-8.   DOI
34 Leonard MM, Nekolaichuk C, Meagher DJ, Barnes C, Gaudreau JD, Watanabe S, et al. Practical assessment of delirium in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage 2014;48:176-90.   DOI
35 Korc-Grodzicki B, Sun SW, Zhou Q, Iasonos A, Lu B, Root JC, et al. Geriatric assessment as a predictor of delirium and other outcomes in elderly patients with cancer. Ann Surg 2015;261:1085-90.   DOI
36 Hey J, Hosker C, Ward J, Kite S, Speechley H. Delirium in palliative care: Detection, documentation and management in three settings. Palliat Support Care 2015;13:1541-5.   DOI
37 Maldonado JR. Pathoetiological model of delirium: a comprehensive understanding of the neurobiology of delirium and an evidence-based approach to prevention and treatment. Crit Care Clin 2008;24:789-856.   DOI
38 Siddiqi N, Stockdale R, Britton AM, Holmes J. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;18:CD005563.