Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2018.9.10.393

Development of an Multi-dimentional Affect Scale for Distinguishing between Depression and Anxiety  

Lee, Changmook (Department of Education, Konkuk University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korea Convergence Society / v.9, no.10, 2018 , pp. 393-406 More about this Journal
Abstract
The depression and anxiety are the most popular mental disorders and not easy to distinguish because of their lots of similarities in the diagnostic criteria, related theories, and clinical symptoms. In this article, we developed the affect scale for distinguishable diagnosis, utilized the relationships between the Positive and Negative affect, and the depression and anxiety. We made up the seed scale of the items which selected by partial correlation, and set the scoring up by multiple regression method. The Multi-dimentional affect scale is reliable and working similarly as the scales used before, but less correlated to each other. We conclude that the affect scale achieved the diagnosis for distinguish between depression and anxiety. Our suggestions for the further study are to redeem the cultural differences, modify by the elaborate methods, and validate by the actual clinical data.
Keywords
circumplex model of affect; positive affect; negative affect; affective adjectives; multi-dimentional scale;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 R. C. Kessler, W. T. Chiu, O. Demler, E. E. Walters. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627.   DOI
2 S. M. Kwon. (1996). Relationship between depression and anxiety: Their commonness and difference in related life events and cognitions. Psychological Science, 5(1), 13-38.
3 Y. N. Park. (2003). Shared Characteristics of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Journal of the Korean Society of Biological Therapies in Psychiatry, 9(1), 118-128.
4 H. J. Yang. (2011). Factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory in anxiety disorder. Master Thesis. Hanyang University, Seoul.
5 A. Ortony, G. L. Clore, A. Collins. (1990). The cognitive structure of emotions. UK: Cambridge University Press.
6 K. Scherer, K. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multi level sequential checking. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. New York: Oxford University Press.
7 I. Juvina, O. Larue, A. Hough. (2018). Modeling valuation and core affect in a cognitive architecture: The impact of valence and arousal on memory and decision-making. Cognitive Systems Research, 48, 4-24.   DOI
8 F. E. Ritter. (2009). Two cognitive modeling frontiers: Emotions and usability. Journal of Japanese AI Research, 24(2), 241-249.
9 E. Hudlika. (2015). Computational analytical framework for affective modeling: Towards guidelines for designing computational models of emotions. In J. Vallverdu(Ed.), Synthesizing human emotion in intelligent systems and robotics. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
10 S. Marsella, J. Gratch, P. Petta. (2010). Computational models of emotion. In K. R. Scherer, T. Banziger, & E. Roesch (Eds.), A blue print for affective computing: A source book and manual (pp. 21-46).New York: Oxford University Press.
11 C. L. Dancy. (2013). ACT-R${\pi}$: A cognitive architecture with physiology and affect. Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, 6(1), 40-45.   DOI
12 R. P. Marinier, J. E. Laird, R. L. Lewis. (2009). A computational unification of cognitive behavior and emotion. Cognitive Systems Research, 10, 48-69.   DOI
13 S. Marsella, J. Gratch. (2009). EMA: A process model of appraisal dynamics. Journal of Cognitive Systems Research, 10(1), 70-90.   DOI
14 R. Sun, N. Wilson, M. Lynch. (2016). Emotion: A unified mechanistic interpretation from a cognitive architecture. Cognitive Computation, 8(1), 1-14.   DOI
15 K. J. Ressler, H. S. Mayberg. (2007). Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic. Nature neuroscience, 10(9), 1116-1124.   DOI
16 D. Watson, L. A. Clark, G. Carey (1988). Positive and Negative Affectivity and Their Relation to Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 34-353.
17 J. M. Gorman, J. D. Coplan. (1996). Comorbidity of depression and panic disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 57(Suppl. 10), 34-43.
18 J. M. Gorman. (1996-1997). Comorbid depression and anxiety spectrum disorders. Depress Anxiety, 4(4), 160-168.   DOI
19 P. P. Roy-Byrne, P. A. Stang, H. U. Wittchen, B. Ustun, E. E. Walters, R. C. Kessler. (2000). Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey: association with symptoms, impairment, course and help-seeking. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(3), 229-235.   DOI
20 S. E. Bruce, K. A. Yonkers, M. W. Otto, J. L. Eisen, R. B. Weisberg, M. Pagano, M. T. SHea, M. B. Keller. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. American Journal of psychiatry, 162(6), 1179-1187.   DOI
21 M. Roth, C. Gurney, R. F. Garside, T. A. Kerr. (1972). Studies in the classification of affective disorders: The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses-I. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 121(561), 147-161.   DOI
22 C. Gurney, M. Roth, R. F. Garside, T. A. Kerr, K. Schapira. (1972). Studies in the classification of affective disorders: The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses-II. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 121(561), 162-166.   DOI
23 L. C. Kolb, H. K. Brodie. (1982). Modern clinical psychiatry,10th ed. Philadelphia: Sauders.
24 I. Andjelkovic, D. Parra, J. O'Donovan. (2018). Moodplay: Interactive music recommendation based on Artists' mood similarity. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1-18.
25 C. Becker-Asano, I. Wachsmuth. (2008). Affect simulation with primary and secondary emotions. Paper presented at the 8th international conference on intelligent virtual agents. Tokyo.
26 J. K. MacCormack, K. A. Lindquist. (2018, June 11). Feeling Hangry? When Hunger Is Conceptualized as Emotion. Emotion. Advance online publication. DOI : 10.1037/emo0000422   DOI
27 A. D. Ong, L. Benson, A. J. Zautra, N. Ram. (2018). Emodiversity and Biomarkers of Inflammation. Emotion, 18(1), 3-14.   DOI
28 Y. Kajiwara, S. Yonekura, H. Kimura. (2018). Prediction of Future Mood Using Majority Vote Based on Certainty Factor. Sensors and Materials, 30(7), 1473-1486.   DOI
29 S. Rho, B. Han, E. Hwang. (2009). SVR-based music mood classification and context-based music recommendation. the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia. 713-716. October 19. Beijing, China.
30 O. Bones, T. J. Cox, W. J. Davies. (2018). Distinct categorization strategies for different types of environmental sounds. Euronoise 2018. 2391-2398.
31 D. H. Barlow, (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247-1263.   DOI
32 A. M. Kring, K. H.Werner (2004). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. In P. Philoppot, R. S. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion (pp. 359-385). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
33 S. Mineka, S. K. Sutton. (1992). Cognitive Biases and the Emotional Disorders. Psychological Science, 3(1), 65-69.   DOI
34 K. B. Wells, A. Stewart, R. D. Hays, M. A. Burnam, W. Rogers, M. Daniels, S. Berry, S. Greenfield, J. Ware. (1989). The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Jama, 262(7), 914-919.   DOI
35 J. Hong., D. Lee, B. Ham, S. Lee, S. Sung, T. Yun, T. Ha, S. Son, J. Son, J. You, J. Kim, J. Park, S. Kim, S. Jo, Y. Jung, M. Kim, S. Jang, B. Kim, J. Ahn, B. Kim, K. Yun, I. Sin, H. Jeon, S. Kim. (2017). The survey of mental disorder in Korea. Ministry of Health and Welfare.
36 K. Chon, M. Rhee. (1992). Preliminary Development of Korean Version of CES-D. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11(1), 65-76.
37 B. Ham, M. Lee, I. Kang, T. Hwang, W. Lee, K. Han, Y. Choi, I. Choi. (2004). A Study on the Stigma Perception of Depression Patients. Mood and emotion, 2(4), 237-244.
38 P. E. Greenberg, L. E. Stiglin, S. N. Finkelstein, E. R. Berndt. (1993). The economic burden of depression in 1990. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(11), 405-418.
39 N. Sartorius. (2003). Physical symptoms of depression as a public health concern. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64, 3-4.
40 P. Clayton, W. Grove, W. Coryell, M. Keller, R. Hirschfeld, J. Fawcett. (1991). Follow-up and family study of anxious depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1512-1517.   DOI
41 Y. H. Lee, J. Y. Song. (1991). A Study of the Reliability and the Validity of the BDI , SDS , and MMPI-D Scales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 98-113.
42 M. Fava, A. J. Rush, J. E. Alpert, C. N. Carmin, G. K. Balasubramani, S. R.Wisniewski, M. H. Trivedi, M. M. Biggs, K. Shores-wilson. (2006). What clinical and symptom features and comorbid disorders characterize outpatients with anxious major depressive disorder: A replication and extension. Canadian Journal of Psychoatry, 51(13), 823-835.   DOI
43 L. A. Clark, D. Watson. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of abnormal psychology, 100(3), 316-336.   DOI
44 D. Watson, L. A. Clark, A. Tellegen.(1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.   DOI
45 K. H. Han, K. J. Moon, J. Y. Lee, J. H. Kim. (2011). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form Manual. Maumsarang: Seoul.
46 K. H. Han, J. S. Kim, J. Y. Im, J. H. Lee, B. B. Min, K. J. Moon. (2011). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Manual - Revised Edition. Maumsarang: Seoul.
47 D. W. Han, J. H. Lee, K. K. Jeon, C. D. Spielberger. (2000). Manual for the Korean version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Hakjisa: Seoul.
48 Statistics Korea. (2006). the 2005 Population and Housing Census. Statistics Korea: Seoul..
49 H. F. Kaiser. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.   DOI
50 M. S. Bartlett. (1937). Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 160, 268-282.   DOI
51 T. A. Brown. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd Ed.). Guilford Press; New York.
52 J. L. Horn. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179-185.   DOI
53 K. J. Preacher, R. C. MacCallum. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift's Electric Factor Analysis Machine. Understanding Statistics, 2(1), 13-43.   DOI
54 D. Watson, A. Tellegen. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.   DOI
55 J. R. Crawford, J. D. Henry. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large nonclinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 245-265.   DOI
56 D. J. Stein, E. Hollander, B. O. Rothbaum. (2009). Textbook of anxiety disorders, 2nd Eds. American Psychiatric Pub.
57 P. A. Di Nardo, D. H. Barlow. (1990). Syndrome and Symptom Co-Occurrence in the Anxiety Disorders. In J. D. Maser, R. Cloninger (Eds.) Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders (pp. 205-230). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
58 J. A. Russell. (1980). A Circumplex Model of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.   DOI
59 D. Watson, L. A. Clark, A. Tellegen (1984). Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood: A Japanese replication and a comparison with U. S. findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 127-144.   DOI
60 D. P. Green, S. L. Goldman, P. Salovey. (1993). Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1029-1041.   DOI
61 G. W. Farthing. (1992). The psychology of consciousness. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
62 A. Tellegen, D. Watson, L. A. Clark. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297-303   DOI
63 A. Tellegen, D. Watson, L. A. Clark. (1999). Further support for a hierarchical model of affect: Reply to Green and Salovey. Psychological Science, 10, 307-309   DOI
64 J. A. Russell. (2009). Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction. Cognition and Emotion, 23(7), 1259-1283.   DOI
65 J. A. Russell. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145-172.   DOI
66 R.S. Lazarus, S. Folkman. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publication Company.
67 H. Lee, E. Kim, M. Lee. (2003). A Validation Study of Korea Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: The PANAS Scales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 935-946.
68 H. Park, J. Lee. (2016). A Validation Study of Korean Version of PANAS-Revised. The korean journal of psychology: General, 35(4), 617-641.   DOI