Physico-Chemical Properties of Organically Cultivated Upland Soils

The upland soils (56 samples) from organic farms in Gyeonggi-do (12 sites), Gangwon-do (8 sites), Chungcheong-do (14 sites), Gyeongsang-do (4 sites), Jeollado (18 sites) in Korea were collected and their physical and chemical properties were analyzed by RDA's methods. In the results of physical property, the bulk density of soils averaged $1.14Mgm^{-3}$ (surface soil), $1.38Mgm^{-3}$ (subsoil), respectively. The porosity of them was 57%, 48%. Organically managed soil's (OS) bulk density was lower than conventional soil's but OS's porosity was a little higher than conventionally managed soil in surface soil. The depth of plough layer in organically managed soils was 21.2 cm indicating that the organic farming had good effect on soil physical property. In the results of chemical property, the surface soil pH was 6.9 and the contents of organic matter (OM) was $26gkg^{-1}$, available phosphate (Avail. $P_2O_5$) was $554mgkg^{-1}$, exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca) was $8.9cmol_ckg^{-1}$, exchangeable potassium (Exch. K) was $0.89cmol_ckg^{-1}$, exchangeable magnesium (Exch. Mg) was $2.0cmol_ckg^{-1}$. The subsoil pH was 6.8 and the contents of OM was $21gkg^{-1}$, avail. $P_2O_5$ was $491mgkg^{-1}$, exch. Ca was $7.9cmol_ckg^{-1}$, exch. K was $0.68cmol_ckg^{-1}$, exch. Mg was $1.8cmol_ckg^{-1}$. The nutrient accumulation emerged in organic farming. Compared to the optimum nutrient range for the conventional upland soils, the exceed rate of pH, OM, available phosphate, and exchangeable Ca, K, and Mg was 79, 52, 64, 84, 66% and 55%, respectively, which mainly resulted from the over-application of lime materials or livestock manure compost. With these results it is suggested that organic farm need to reduce the use of inputs, which make soil alkalification or nutrient accumulation. More study on effects of inputs on lowering soil pH from alkalification could help organically managed soil to be improved.

유기농경지 밭 토양의 물리화학적 특성

유기농경지 밭 토양의 최적 관리를 위한 기초자료를 만들기 위해 조사된 전국 56지점의 물리성 중 용적밀도는 표토와 심토에서 평균 $1.14Mgm^{-3}$, $1.38Mgm^{-3}$, 공극률 57%, 48%로 전국 농경지 밭 토양의 물리성에 비해 용적밀도는 낮고 공극률은 표토에서 높은 수준이고 작토심은 21.2 cm로 유기농경지 밭 토양에서 전국 농경지 대비 물리성이 양호한 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 토양 화학성 분석 결과 pH는 표토와 심토에서 평균 6.9, 6.8, 유기물함량은 $26gkg^{-1}$, $21gkg^{-1}$, 유효인산 함량은 $554mgkg^{-1}$, $491mgkg^{-1}$, 치환성칼슘은 $8.9cmol_ckg^{-1}$, $7.9cmol_ckg^{-1}$, 치환성칼륨은 $0.89cmol_ckg^{-1}$, $0.68cmol_ckg^{-1}$, 치환성마그네슘은 $2.0cmol_ckg^{-1}$, $1.8cmol_ckg^{-1}$으로 나왔다. 조사된 유기농경지는 일반적인 농경지의 양분 수준보다 높은 수준이었다. pH의 경우 조사지점의 79%, 유기물함량은 52%, 유효인산함량은 64%, 치환성양이온은 칼슘, 칼륨, 마그네슘은 각각 84%, 66%, 55%가 높은 수준을 보였다. 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 유기농경지에서 토양 알칼리화 및 양분과잉현상이 발생하기 때문에 알칼리화 된 토양을 중성으로 개선하기 위한 유기농업자재에 관한 연구와 더불어 유기농경지의 알칼리화를 막기 위해 석회질자재와 같은 알칼리성 자재 및 가축분퇴비의 지속적인 투입 제한 등 유기농경지에 최적화된 양분관리 기준 및 토양관리 매뉴얼 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.