Browse > Article

Measurement of Amplitude of Accommodation using Push-up and Push-away and Near Point of Convergence in Elementary School Children  

Kim, Hyojin (Dept. of Visual Optics, Baekseok University)
Lee, Eun-Hee (Dept. of Visual Optics, Far East University)
Oh, Hyunjin (Dept. of Ophthalmic Optics, Baekseok Culture University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society / v.17, no.3, 2012 , pp. 279-284 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: We measured the amplitude of accommodation using the push-up and push-away tests and near point of convergence (NPC) and investigated the accommodative insufficiency (AI) and convergence insufficiency (CI) in elementary school children of 12~13 years old. Methods: 88 students who aged 12~13 $12.63{\pm}0.51$ years old with more than 1.0 spectacle best corrected visual acuity were examined using push-up and push-away tests. The break and recovery points of NPC also were measured. Results: Mean amplitudes of accommodations using push-up and push-away tests were $11.52{\pm}2.50D$ and $10.06{\pm}1.97D$, respectively in right eye (P<0.001). Mean break and recovery points in NPC were $8.66{\pm}1.99cm$ and $10.98{\pm}2.06cm$. AI and CI showed 28.75% and 30.00% each. 48.75% was within normal range in both amplitudes of accommodations according to their age expected and convergence. Students having both AI and CI were 7.50%. Conclusions: A high correlation between the push-up test and push-away test was found in elementary school children (r=0.6025; P<0.05). Students having normal amplitude of accommodation by their age expected and normal convergence were 71.25% and 70.00%, respectively.
Keywords
Accommodative insufficiency; Convergence insufficiency; Near point of convergence; Push-up test; Push-away test;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Maples WC, Hoenes R. Near point of convergence norms measured in elementary school children. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84(3):224-228.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Marran LF, Deland PN, Nguyen AL. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Opt Vis Sci. 2006;83(5):281-289.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Shin HS, Park SC, Park CM. Correlation between visual symptoms and the academic performance as assessed by COVD-QOL questionnaire in primary school children. J Korean Soc School Health Education. 2008;9(2):81-90.
4 Marran LF, Deland PN, Nguyen AL. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Opt. Vis. Sci. 2006;83(5):281-289.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Michaels DD. Visual optics and refraction, 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Co, 1980;377-401.
6 Koslowe K, Glassman T, Tzanani-Levi C, Shneor E. Accommodative amplitude determination: pull-away versus push-up method. Optometry and vision development. 2010;41(1):28-32.
7 Gallaway M, Scheiman M, Malhotra K. The Effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment for convergence insufficiency: a pilot study. Opt. Vis. Sci. 2002;79(4):265-267.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Scheiman M, Gallaway M, Frantz KA, Peters RJ, Hatch S, et al. Near point of convergence: test procedure, target selection, and normative data. Opt. Vis. Sci. 2003;80(3):214- 225.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 David BE, Clinical procedures in primary eye care, 3rd ed. London; Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007;193.
10 Borsting E, Rouse MW, Deland PN, Hovett S, Kimura D, Park M, Stephens B. Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children. Optometry. 2003;74(1):25-34.
11 Daum KM. Convergence insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984;61(1):16-22.   DOI
12 Goldstand S, Koslowe KC, Parush S. Vision, visual-information processing, and academic performance among seventh- grade school children: a more significant relationship than we thought?. Am J Occup Ther. 2005;59(4):377-389.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Woehrle MB, Peters RJ, Frantz KA. Accommodative amplitude determination: can we substitute the pull-away for the push-up method?. J Optom Vis Devel. 1997;28(4): 246-250(1997).
14 Kim BC. The normal value of amplitude of accommodation in Koreans. J Korean Ophth Soc. 1979;20(2):153-157.
15 Jung MB, Lee KS, Kim TH, Sung AY. Clinical study on accommodation using subjective test. J Korean Oph Opt Soc. 2006;11(2):137-141.
16 Nam WG, Cho HG, Son JS, Kwak HW, Moon BY. Examination of refractive correction and accommodative ability on myopic elementary school children wearing glasses in Jinju city. J Korean Oph Opt Soc. 2009;14(1):109-114.
17 Pang Y, Gabriel H, Frantz KA, Saeed F. A prospective study of different test targets for the near point of convergence. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2010;30(3):298-303.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 So JP. Measurement of near point of convergence of elementary schoolchildren. Korean J Vis Sci. 2008;10(4):351- 360.
19 Shin JA, Lee OJ. Relationship between subjective symptoms with near work and binocular function. J Korean Oph Opt Soc. 2007;12(3):125-130.
20 Rouse MW, Hyman L, Hussein M, Solan H. Frequency of convergence insufficiency in optometry clinic settings. Convergence insufficiency and reading study group. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75(2):88-96.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Shin JA. Prevalence of accommodative insufficiency and convergence insufficiency in college students. Korean J Vis Sci. 2004;6(1):95-102.
22 Rosenfield M, Cohen AS. Repeatability of clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1986;16(3):247-249.
23 Sterner B, Gellerstedt M, Sjostrom A. Accommodation and the relationship to subjective symptoms with near work for young school children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2006;26(2):148-155.   DOI   ScienceOn