Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2016.35.1.39

Effect of Heel Height and Speed on Gait, and the Relationship Among the Factors and Gait Variables  

Park, Sumin (Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University)
Park, Jaeheung (Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea / v.35, no.1, 2016 , pp. 39-52 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objective: This paper investigates gait changes according to different heel heights and speeds, and the interaction between the effects of the heel height and the speed during walking on stride parameters and joint angles. Furthermore, the relationship among heel height, speed and gait variables is investigated using linear regression. Background: Gait changes by heel height or speed have been studied respectively, but has not been reported whether there is an interaction effect between heel height and speed. It would be necessary to understand how gait changes when a person wears heels in different heights at various speeds, for example, high-heeled walking at fast speed, since it may cause unusual gait patterns and musculoskeletal disorders. Method: Ten females were asked to walk at five fixed cadences (94, 106, 118, 130 and 142 steps/min.) wearing three shoes with different heel heights (1, 5.4 and 9.8cm). Nineteen gait variables were analyzed for stride parameters and joint angles using two-way repeated measure analysis of variance and regression analysis. Results: Both heel height and speed affect movement of ankle, knee, spine and elbow joint, as well as stride length and Double/Single support time ratio. However, there is no significant interaction effect between heel height and speed. The regression result shows linear relationships of gait variables with heel height and speed. Conclusion: Heel height and speed independently affect stride parameters and joint angles without a significant interaction, so the gait variables are linearly amplified or diminished by the two factors. Application: Walking in high heels at fast speed should be careful for musculoskeletal disorders, since the amplified movement of knee and spine joint can lead to increased moment. Also, the result might give insight for animators or engineers to generate walking motion with high heels at various speeds.
Keywords
Gait analysis; High heels; Walking speed; Interaction effect; Regression analysis;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Adrian, M.J. and Karpovich, P.V., Foot instability during walking in shoes with high heels, Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 37(2), 168-175, 1966.   DOI
2 Chien, H.L., Lu, T.W. and Liu, M.W., Control of the motion of the body's center of mass in relation to the center of pressure during high-heeled gait, Gait and Posture, 38(3), 391-396, 2013.   DOI
3 Chumanov, E.S., Wall-Scheffler, C. and Heiderscheit, B.C., Gender differences in walking and running on level and inclined surfaces, Clinical Biomechanics, 23(10), 1260-1268, 2008.   DOI
4 Chung, M.J. and Wang, M.J.J., The change of gait parameters during walking at different percentage of preferred walking speed for healthy adults aged 20-60 years, Gait and Posture, 31(1), 131-135, 2010.   DOI
5 Cluss, M.B., Crane, E.A., Gross, M.M. and Fredrickson, B.L., Effect of emotion on the kinematics of gait, American Society of Biomechanics, 2006.
6 Demura, T., Demura, S.I., Yamaji, S., Yamada, T. and Kitabayashi, T., Gait characteristics when walking with rounded soft sole shoes, The Foot, 22(1), 18-23, 2012.   DOI
7 England, S.A. and Granata, K.P., The influence of gait speed on local dynamic stability of walking, Gait and Posture, 25(2), 172-178, 2007.   DOI
8 Ferber, R., Davis, I.M. and Williams Iii, D.S., Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running, Clinical Biomechanics, 18(4), 350-357, 2003.   DOI
9 Gefen, A., Megido-Ravid, M., Itzchak, Y. and Arcan, M., Analysis of muscular fatigue and foot stability during high-heeled gait, Gait and Posture, 15(1), 56-63, 2002.   DOI
10 Gehlsen, G., Braatz, J.S. and Assmann, N., Effects of heel height on knee rotation and gait, Human Movement Science, 5(2), 149-155, 1986.   DOI
11 Gerber, S.B., Costa, R.V., Grecco, L.A.C., Pasini, H., Marconi, N.F. and Oliveira, C.S., Interference of high-heeled shoes in static balance among young women, Human movement science, 31(5), 1247-1252, 2012.   DOI
12 Grabiner, P.C., Biswas, S.T. and Grabiner, M.D., Age-related changes in spatial and temporal gait variables, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 82(1), 31-35, 2001.   DOI
13 Hughes, C.M., Seegelke, C., Spiegel, M.A., Oehmichen, C., Hammes, J. and Schack, T., Corrections in grasp posture in response to modifications of action goals, Plos One, 2012.
14 Intiso, D., Santilli, V., Grasso, M.G., Rossi, R. and Caruso, I., Rehabilitation of walking with electromyographic biofeedback in footdrop after stroke, Stroke, 25(6), 1189-1192, 1994.   DOI
15 Jordan, K., Challis, J.H. and Newell, K.M., Walking speed influences on gait cycle variability, Gait and Posture, 26(1), 128-134, 2007.   DOI
16 Murray, M.P., Drought, A.B. and Kory, R.C., Walking patterns of normal men, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 46(2), 335-360, 1964.   DOI
17 Kang, H.G. and Dingwell, J.B., Effects of walking speed, strength and range of motion on gait stability in healthy older adults, Journal of Biomechanics, 41(14), 2899-2905, 2008.   DOI
18 Kim, M., Kim, M., Park, S., Kwon, J. and Park, J., Feasibility study of gait recognition using points in three-dimensional space, International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, 13(2), 124-132, 2013.   DOI
19 Montepare, J.M., Goldstein, S.B. and Clausen, A., The identification of emotions from gait information, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11(1), 33-42, 1987.   DOI
20 Orendurff, M.S., Segal, A.D., Klute, G.K., Berge, J.S., Rohr, E.S. and Kadel, N.J., The effect of walking speed on center of mass displacement, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 41(6A), 829-834, 2004.   DOI
21 Park, S., Lee, M. and Park, J., The relationship among stride parameters, joint angles, and trajectories of the body parts during high-heeled walking of woman, Journal of the Ergonomic Society of Korea, 32(3), 245-252, 2013.   DOI
22 Perry, J., Gait analysis: Normal and pathological function, 1st ed., SLACK Incorporated, 1992.
23 Russell, B.S., The effect of high-heeled shoes on lumbar lordosis: a narrative review and discussion of the disconnect between Internet content and peer-reviewed literature, Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 9(4), 166-173, 2010.   DOI
24 Sato, H., Sako, H., Mukae, H., Sato, A. and Takahashi, T., Gait patterns of young Japanese women, Journal of Human Ergology, 20(1), 85-88, 1991.
25 Woltring, H.J., A FORTRAN package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Advances in Engineering Software, 8(2), 104-113, 1986.   DOI
26 Soames, R.W. and Evans, A.A., Female gait patterns: the influence of footwear, Ergonomics, 30(6), 893-900, 1987.   DOI
27 Taunton, J.E., Ryan, M.B., Clement, D.B., McKenzie, D.C., Lloyd-Smith, D.R. and Zumbo, B.D., A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries, British journal of sports medicine, 36(2), 95-101, 2002.   DOI
28 Tiberio, D., The effect of excessive subtalar joint pronation on patellofemoral mechanics: a theoretical model, Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 9(4), 160-165, 1987.   DOI
29 Wunderlich, R.E., Griffin, N.L. and Wickham, A.B., Gender differences in foot function during walking, running and turning: Implications for overuse injuries in female athletes, Clinical Biomechanics, 23(5), 705-706, 2008.   DOI
30 Yu, Y.L., Lin, C.F., Wang, S.T., Yang, C.H. and Guo, L.Y., "Kinematic and kinetic analysis of walking with different base size of high heel shoes for young female", 1st Asia-Pacific Conference on Ankle-Foot and Footwear, Taiwan, 2010.