Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2013.34.6.97

The Development and Validity of a Scale for Measuring Mother's Reaction to Children's Negative Emotions  

Oh, Ji Hyun (Samsung social mental health institute)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Child Studies / v.34, no.6, 2013 , pp. 97-122 More about this Journal
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate measures of a mother's reaction to children's negative emotions. After construct factors of a mother's reaction to children's negative emotions based on the theoretical basis and existing scales were explored, the first preliminary items were extracted. After the content validity was confirmed by expert opinions, the second preliminary items were composed, and the initial survey was carried out. Using exploratory factor analysis, three principal factors and 21 items were revealed to be most suitable. The factors of the scale consist of emotion-coaching-reactions, oversensitive reactions, and emotion-minimizing-reactions, respectively. In addition, the reliability analysis and validation analysis of the scale was conducted, by means of surveying 413 elementary students. The internal coherence reliability and test-retest reliability were verified as was the general internal coherence and timing stability of the scale. There were three additional verifications to validate the scale. (1)For the evidence based on internal structure, the confirmatory factor analysis and convergent-discriminant evidence; this resulted in confirming the factor structure of the scale as being reliable. (2)In order to understand the relationships to other variables, the correlation analysis came in effect to the overall scale and each of its sub-factors, showing that they are significantly correlated with the scale of the child's perception on rearing attitudes of the mother. (3)As for evidence based on the consequences of the test, the correlation analysis produced a result showed that sub-factors of the scale have as significant correlation with the child's emotional intelligence and resilience.
Keywords
emotion-socialization; mother's reaction to children's negative emotions; development and validity of a scale;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 AERA., APA., & NCME. (1999). Standard for educational and psychological testing. Washington D. C. : American Psychological Association.
2 Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Stone, M. H., & Muncer, S, J. (2011). Psychometric analysis of the Empathy Quotient (EQ). Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 829-835.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Bae. B. R. (2011). (AMOS 19) Structural equation modeling. Seoul : Chungram.
4 Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. J. (2004). The empathy quotient : An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome of high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Bierman K. K., & Smoot, D. L. (1991). Linking family characterstics with poor peer relations : The mediating role of conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 341-358.   DOI
6 Casey, R. J., & Fuller, L. L. (1994). Maternal regulation of children's emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18, 57-89.   DOI
7 Cha, S. H., Doh, H. S., & Choi, M. K. (2010). The pathways from maternal parentingbehavior to children's school adjustment : The mediating effects of children's emotional intelligence. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(4), 125-137.
8 Cho, S. J., Doh, H. S., & Kim, S. W. (2010). The relationship between maternal attitudes toward children's expressiveness children's emotional intelligence and problem behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(6), 167-183.
9 Cho, Y. J. (2010). The study for the development and validation of parental empathy inventory perceived by adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea.
10 Choi, I. J. (2007). Development and validation study of the Korean version of parent-child relationship instrument. Korea Youth Counseling Research, 15(2), 45-56.
11 Chung, E. Y., & Chang, S. S. (2008). The development of an overprotection scale based on teenager's perception of their mothers. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 20(2). 293-312.
12 Dunn, J., & Brown, J. R. (1994). Affect expression in the family children's understanding of emotions and their interactions with others. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 120-137.
13 Demitrovich, C. E., & Bierman, K. L. (2001). Parenting practices and child social adjustment : Multiple pathway of influence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47, 235-263.   DOI
14 Denham, S. A., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contribution to preschooler's understanding of emotion. Marriage and Family Review, 34(3), 311-343.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence : Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 65-86.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Dunn, J., Brown, J. R., & Bearsall, L. (1991). Family talk about feeling states and children's later understanding of other's emotions. Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 448-455.   DOI
17 Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1992). Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M.S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology : Vol. 14, Emotion and social behavior (pp. 119-150). Newbury park. CA : Sage.
18 Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions : Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 138-156.
19 Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinard, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Morris, A. S., Fabes, R. A., Cumberland, A., Reise, M., Gershoff, E. T., Shepard, S. A., & Losoya, S. (2003). Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity, children's regulation, and quality of scio-emotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 3-19.   DOI
21 Elicker, J., Englund, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Predicting peer competence and peer relationships in childhood from early parent-child relationships. In R. Parke & G. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer relationships : Modes of linkage (pp. 77-106). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
22 Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990). Coping with children's negative emotions scale(CCNES) : Description and scoring. Tempe, AZ : Arizona State University.
23 Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions : Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Developmnet, 72(3), 907-921.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The coping with children's negative emotions scale (CCNES) : Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34, 285-310.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York : Bantam Books.
26 Gottman, J. M. (1997). The heart of parenting : How to raise an emotionally intelligent child. New York : Simon & Schuster.
27 Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families : Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writting about structural equation model, In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling : Concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaics, Calif : Sage.
29 Han, Y. M., & Shon, K. H. (2004). A study on the mothers' relations to their children's negative emotions. Family and Environment Research, 42(1), 197-206.
30 Hong, S. H. (2000). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 161-177.
31 Joo, S. Y., & Lee, Y. H. (2007). Development and validation of the resilience scale for children in grade 4 trough 6. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 28(2), 91-113.
32 Kang, H. Y., & Kang, M. H. (1999). Relationships between parent's reactions to preschoolers' negative emotions, coping styles and peer acceptance. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 20(3), 171-182.
33 Katz, L. F., & Hunter, E. C. (2007). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and adolescent depressive symtomatology. Social Development, 16(2), 343-363.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Kim, K. S. (2010). (AMOS 18.0) The analysis of the structure equation modeling. Seoul : Hannarae Academi.
35 Kim, M. J. (2003). The relations between children's perception of parental childrearing behaviors and their behavior problems. Unpublished master's thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
36 Kim, E. K., Doh, H. S., Kim, M. J., & Park, B. K. (2007). Social competence : Its relationship to parents' attitudes towards children's expressiveness and emotion regulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 28(3), 115-131.
37 Khaleque, A. M., & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance rejection and psychological adjustment : A meta analysis of cross cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family. 64, 54-64.   DOI
38 Kim, J. H., Kim M. K., & Hong, S. H. (2009). The academic research paper writing as the structure equation modeling. Seoul : Cunication books.
39 Kim. J. Y., & Nahm, E. Y. (2011). The relationship between parental response to children's negative emotion and children's stress-coping behavior:The mediating effects of selfregulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 32(5), 13-28.   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Kim, H. K., & Yoo, M. S. (2010). The effects of parenting behavior and children's playfulness on emotion intelligence. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(5), 115-130.
41 Ko, J. J. (2005). The effect of parental monitoring and adolescents' self-control on adolescents' problem behavior. Family and Environment Research, 43(2), 1-17.
42 Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness : The development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 934-949.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Lee, K. Y. (2007). A comparison of reaction between mothers and fathers to their children's negative emotions. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 16(3), 455-463.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Lee, K. Y., Choi, I. S., & Sung, M. Y. (2007). The relation of parents' emotion socialization to the development of emotion in their young children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 28(3), 187-199.
45 Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361-388.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Lim, J. H., & Chung, O. B. (2004). Development and initial validation of the Korean Parenting Inventory. The Korean Journal of Human Development, 11(4), 55-73.
47 Mattanah, J. F. (2001). Parenting psychological autonomy and children's academic competence and behavioral adjustment in late childhood : More than just limit-setting and warmth. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 47(3), 355-376.   DOI
48 McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Petit, G. S. (1996). Patterns of change in early child aggressive-disruptive behavior : Gender differences in predictors from early coercive and affectionate mother-child interactions. Child Development, 67, 2417-2433.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Oh, J. H., & Cho, Y. J. (2009). A comparative study on mothers in counseling and mothers in non-counseling groups : Emotional expressiveness, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness type of communication, parenting behavior. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 30(5), 195-208.   과학기술학회마을
50 Park. J. K., & Doh, H. S. (2001). The effects of maternal monitoring and information sources of maternal knowledge on externalizing and internalizing behaviors fo adolescents. Family and Environment Research, 39(12), 129-140.   과학기술학회마을
51 Park, S. C. (2004). Relations between maternal socialization behaviors of emotions and school-aged children's competence and strategies of emotion regulation. Unpublished doctoral dessertation, SungKyunKwan University, Seoul, Korea.
52 Schoon, I. (2006). Risk and resilience : adaptation in changing time. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
53 Park, S. C., & Kim, S. O. (2005). Mothers' parenting behaviors and school-aged children's strategies and competence of emotion regulation. Family and Environment Research, 23(4), 35-49.
54 Rah, Y. M., & Lim, Y. J. (2003). The relationship of parental monitoring to deviant behavior and self-esteem in adolescents. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 24(3), 87-98.
55 Saarni, C. (1989). Emotional competence:How emotions and relationships become integrated. In R. A. Tompson (Ed), Social-emotional Development (pp.115-182). London : University of Nebraska Press.
56 Seo, H. L., & Lee. Y. (2008). The effects of maternal attitude toward child's emotional expressiveness and maternal emotional expressiveness on preschoolers' emotional regulation strategies. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(2), 33-56.
57 Shortt, J. W., Stoolmiller, M., Smith-Shine, J. N., Eddy, J. M., & Sheeber, L. (2010). Maternal emotion coaching, adolescent anger regulation, and siblings' externalizing symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 51(7), 799-808.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Siegel, D. J., & Hartzell, M. (2004). Parenting from the inside out. New York : Penguin.
59 Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E., & Shulman, S. (1993). Individuals in relationships : Development from infancy through adolescence. In D. C. Funder, R. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keesey, K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time : Approaches to personality and development (pp. 315-342). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
60 Stocker, C. M., Richmond, M. K., Rhoades, G. K., & Kiang, L. (2007). Family emotional processes and adolescents' adjustment. Social Development, 16, 310-325.   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and socialization of adolescent affect : The moderating role of adolescent temperament. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 688-703.   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Trumpeter, N., Watson, P. J., O'leary, B. J., & Weathington, B. L. (2008). Self-functioning and perceived parenting : Relations of parenting empathy and love inconsistency with narcissism, depress, and self-esteem. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169, 51-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Valiente, C., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Reiser, M. (2007). Pathways to problem behaviors : Chaotic homes, parent and child effortful control, and parenting. Social Development, 16, 249-267.   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Woo, J. P. (2012). (AMOS 4.0-20.0) A concept and understanding of the structure equation modeling. Seoul : Hannarae Academi.
65 Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., & Ladouceur. D. (2008). Maternal socialization of positive affect : The impact of invalidation on adolescent emotion regulation and depressive symptomatology. Child Development, 79(5), 1415-1431.   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Zelman, J., & Shipman, K. (1996). Children's expression of negative affect : Reason and methods. Developmental Psychology, 32(5), 842-849.   DOI   ScienceOn