Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/KSAE.2007.49.2.087

Irrigation with Microbial-Contaminated Water and Risk of Crop Contamination  

Choi, C. Yeon-Sik (Department of Agricultural of Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona)
Song, In-Hong (Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota)
Kwun, Soon-Kuk (Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers / v.49, no.2, 2007 , pp. 87-97 More about this Journal
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare crop contamination between two irrigation methods using microbial-contaminated water. The effect of relative humidity on microbial survival of the three indicator microorganisms was also investigated. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624, and coliphage PRD1 were applied to irrigation water to grow cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell pepper. Half of the sixteen plots were subsurface drip irrigated (SDI) and the other half were furrow irrigated (FI). Two relative humidity levels were controlled at 15-65 % and 55-80 % for the dry and humid condition experiments, respectively. Samples of produce, surface soil, and subsurface soil at a depth of 10 cm were collected over a two-week period following the application of the study microorganisms. Overall, greater contamination of both produce and soil occurred in the FI plots. For the SDI plots, preferential water paths and resulting water appearance on the seed beds seemed to be responsible for produce contamination. Relative humidity levels did not appear to affect microbial survival in soil. PRD 1 showed lower inactivation rates than 5. coli in both dry and humid conditions. C. perfringens did not experience significant inactivation over the experimental period, suggesting this microorganism can be an effective indicator of fecal contamination.
Keywords
Irrigation; Microbial survival; Food contamination; Virus; Bacteria;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Alum, A., C. E. Enriquez, G. Oron and C. P. Gerba, 2000, Control of viral contamination of reclaimed irrigated vegetables by drip irrigation. Water use conference. J. Am. Wat. Wks Assoc. San Antonio, TX
2 Hurst, C. J., C. P. Gerba and I. Cech, 1980, Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40(6), 1067-1079   PUBMED
3 Seymour, I. J. and H. Appleton, 2001, A review of food borne viruses and fresh produce. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91, 759-773   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Shuval, H. I., 1991, Health guidelines and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: Historical perspectives. Wat. Sci. Technol. 23, 2073-2080
5 Enriquez, C., A. Alum, E. Suarez-Rey, C. Y. Choi, G. Oron and C. P. Gerba, 2003, Bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-1 in turfgrass by subsurface drip irrigation. ASCE J. Environ. Eng. 129 (9), 852-857   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Stine, S. W., I. Song, C. Y. Choi and C. P. Gerba, 2005, Effect of Relative Humidity on Pre-harvest Survival of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens on the Surface of Cantaloupe, Lettuce, and Bell Pepper. J. Food Prot., 68(7), 1352-1358   DOI   PUBMED
7 Gleesen, C. and N. Gray, 1999, The coliform index and waterborne disease. E&FN SPON, London
8 Knittel, M. D., R. J. Seidler, C. Eby and L. M. Cabe, 1977, Colonization of the botanical environment by Klebsiella isolates of pathogenic origins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34, 557-563   PUBMED
9 Yates, M. V. and S. R. Yates, 1988, Modeling microbial fate in the subsurface environment. CRC Crit. Reviews in Environ. Control 17(4), 307-344   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Armon, R. and P. Payment, 1988, A modified mCP medium for enumeration of Clostridium perfringens from water supplies. Can. J. Microbiol. 34, 78-79   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
11 Gerba, C. P., 2000b, Disinfectants. I. L. Pepper, & C. P. Gerba (ed.), Environmental microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
12 WHO, 2000, Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. WHO 78(9), 1104-1116
13 Oron, G., M. Geomans, Y. Manor and J. Feyen, 1995, Poliovirus distribution in the soil-plant system under reuse of secondary wastewater, Wat. Res. 29(4), 1069-1078
14 Oron, G., Y. DeMalach and Z. Hoffman, 1992, Effect of effluent quality and application method on agricultural productivity and environmental control. Wat. Sci. Tech. 26(7-8), 1593-1601
15 Schneider, A. D. and T. A. Howell, 2001, Comparison of SDI, LEPA, and spray irrigation efficiency. ASAE Paper No. 012019. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE
16 Camp, C. R., 1998, Subsurface drip irrigation: a review. Trans. ASAE 41(5), 1353-1367   DOI
17 Gerba, C. P., 2000a, Indicator microorganisms. I. L. Pepper, & C. P. Gerba (ed.), Environmental microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
18 FDA, 1998, Bacteriological Analytical Manual. $8^{th}$ Ed. Ch. 16
19 Governal, R. A. and C. P. Gerba, 1997, Persistence of MS-2 and PRD1 bacteriophages in an ultra-pure water system. J. Indus. Microbiol. Biotechn. 18, 297 - 301   DOI