Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.48022/mbl.2110.10001

Triclosan Resistant Bacteria from Sewage Water: Culture Based Diversity Assessments and Co-Resistance Profiling to Other Antibiotics  

Salman, Muhmmad (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Ul Bashar, Noor (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Kiran, Uzma (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Shafiq, Zuhra (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Khan, Fareesa (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Khan, Raees (Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences)
Hussain, Farrukh (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Bangash, Sudhair Abbas (Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Ahmad, Yasin (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Ahmad, Shabir (Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology)
Publication Information
Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters / v.50, no.1, 2022 , pp. 89-94 More about this Journal
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent used in various human personal care products against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of TCS-resistant bacteria in sewage water in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, for the first time. TCS-supplemented Luria Bertani (LB) agar was used to isolate TCS-tolerant bacteria. A total of 17 TCS-resistant isolates were randomly selected from a large pool of bacteria that showed growth on TCS-supplemented LB agar. Based on gram staining and physiochemical characteristics, the isolated strains were identified as Salmonella typhi (n = 6), Escherichia coli (n = 4), Citrobacter freundii (n = 4), Proteus mirabilis (n = 1), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 1), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1). The Triclosan mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the isolates of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 23.66 ㎍ ml-1, 18.75 ㎍ ml-1, 42 ㎍ ml-1, 32 ㎍ ml-1, 64 ㎍ ml-1, and 128 ㎍ ml-1, respectively. The antibiogram revealed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%) and linezolid (100%), followed by ampicillin (94%), tetracycline (76%), tazobactam (76%), sulbactam/cefoperazone (64%), polymyxin PB (58%), amikacin (29.41%), aztreonam (29.41%), imipenem (5%), and gentamicin (5%). This is the first known study regarding the isolation of TCS-tolerant bacteria from sewage water in Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. It was concluded that all the TCS-resistant isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, mostly belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Keywords
Triclosan; waste water; resistance; minimum inhibitory concentration; cross-resistance; antibiotics;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Randall LP, Cooles SW, Piddock LJV, Woodward MJ. 2004. Effect of triclosan or a phenolic farm disinfectant on the selection of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54: 621-627.   DOI
2 Khan R, Kong HG, Jung YH, Choi J, Baek KY, Hwang EC, et al. 2016. Triclosan resistome from metagenome reveals diverse enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases and selective enrichment of triclosan resistance genes. Sci. Rep. 6: 32322.   DOI
3 Lepesova K, Krahulcova M, Mackulak T, Birosova L. 2019. Sewage sludge as a source of triclosan-resistant bacteria. Acta Chimica Slovaca 12: 34-40.   DOI
4 Buchanan RE, Gibbons NE. 1974. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, pp. 1146. 8th Ed. The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore.
5 Boyle VJ, Fancher ME, Ross RW. 1972. Rapid modified Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test with single, high concentration antimicrobial disks. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3: 418-424.   DOI
6 NCCLS. 1999. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Ninth Informational Supplement. M100-S9 19.
7 Welsch TT, Gillock ET. 2011. Triclosan-resistant bacteria isolated from feedlot and residential soils. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 46: 436-440.   DOI
8 Fuentes MAF, Morente EO, Abriouel H, Pulido RP, Galvez A. 2014. Antimicrobial resistance determinants in antibiotic and biocide-resistant gram-negative bacteria from organic foods. Food Control 37: 9-14.   DOI
9 Li M, He Y, Sun J, Li J, Bai J, Zhang C. 2019. Chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant triclosan concentration induces persistent triclosan resistance but reversible antibiotic tolerance in Escherichia coli. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53: 3277-3286.   DOI
10 Aiello AE, Larson E. 2003. Antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products as an emerging risk factor for antibiotic resistance in the community. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3: 501-506.   DOI
11 Cottell A, Denyer SP, Hanlon GW, Ochs D, Maillard JY. 2009. Triclosan-tolerant bacteria: changes in susceptibility to antibiotics. J. Hosp. Infect. 72: 71-76.   DOI
12 Henry ND, Fair PA. 2013. Comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity of triclosan, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. J. Appl. Toxicol. 33: 265-272.   DOI
13 Olaniyan LWB, Mkwetshana N, Okoh AI. 2016. Triclosan in water, implications for human and environmental health. Springerplus 5: 1639.   DOI
14 Glaser A. 2004. The ubiquitous triclosan: A common antibacterial agent exposed. Pesticides You 24: 12-17.
15 Bedoux G, Roig B, Thomas O, Dupont V, Le Bot B. 2012. Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19: 1044-1065.   DOI
16 Khan R, Zeb A, Roy N, Magar RT, Kim HJ, Lee KW, et al. 2018. Biochemical and structural basis of triclosan resistance in a novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 62: e00648-18.
17 Yasir M, Turner AK, Bastkowski S, Page AJ, Telatin A, Phan MD, et al. 2019. A new massively-parallel transposon mutagenesis approach comparing multiple datasets identifies novel mechanisms of action and resistance to triclosan. BioRxiv 596833.
18 Cameron A, Barbieri R, Read R, Church D, Adator EH, Zaheer R, et al. 2019. Functional screening for triclosan resistance in a wastewater metagenome and isolates of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. from a large Canadian healthcare region. PLoS One 14: e0211144.   DOI
19 Lu J, Jin M, Nguyen SH, Mao L, Li J, Coin LJ, et al. 2018. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial triclosan induces multiple antibiotic resistance through genetic mutation. Environ. Int. 118: 257-265.   DOI
20 Pi B, Yu D, Hua X, Ruan Z, Yu Y. 2017. Genomic and transcriptome analysis of triclosan response of a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain, MDR-ZJ06. Arch. Microbiol. 199: 223-230.   DOI
21 Mann BC, Bezuidenhout JJ, Bezuidenhout CC. 2019. Biocide resistant and antibiotic cross-resistant potential pathogens from sewage and river water from a wastewater treatment facility in the North-West, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Water Sci. Technol. 80: 551-562.   DOI
22 Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, et al. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36: 1202-1211.   DOI
23 Liu M. 2008. Effects of the antimicrobial agent triclosan on bacterial resistance to disinfection in wastewater treatment processes. Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports pp. 2673.
24 Huang YH, Lin JS, Ma JC, Wang HH. 2016. Functional characterization of triclosan-resistant enoyl-acyl-carrier protein reductase (FabV) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front. Microbiol. 7: 1903.   DOI
25 Ribado JV, Ley C, Haggerty TD, Tkachenko E, Bhatt AS, Parsonnet J. 2017. Household triclosan and triclocarban effects on the infant and maternal microbiome. EMBO Mol. Med. 9: 1732-1741.   DOI
26 Arancibia R, Caceres M, Martinez J, Smith PC. 2009. Triclosan inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated urokinase production in human gingival fibroblasts. J. Periodontal. Res. 44: 726-735.   DOI
27 Wallet MA, Calderon NL, Alonso TR, Choe CS, Catalfamo DL, Lalane CJ, et al. 2013. Triclosan alters antimicrobial and inflammatory responses of epithelial cells. Oral Dis. 19: 296-302.   DOI
28 Clarke A, Azulai D, Dueker ME, Vos M, Perron GG. 2019. Triclosan alters microbial communities in freshwater microcosms. Water 11: 961.   DOI
29 Mulla SI, Asefi B, Bharagava RN, Saratale GD, Li J, Huang CL, et al. 2020. Processes for the removal of triclosan in the environment and engineered systems: a review. Environ. Rev. 28: 55-66.
30 Carey DE, McNamara PJ. 2015. The impact of triclosan on the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Front. Microbiol. 5: 780.   DOI
31 Coetzee I, Bezuidenhout CC, Bezuidenhout JJ. 2017. Triclosan resistant bacteria in sewage effluent and cross-resistance to antibiotics. Water Sci. Technol. 76: 1500-1509.   DOI
32 Middleton JH, Salierno JD. 2013. Antibiotic resistance in triclosan tolerant fecal coliforms isolated from surface waters near wastewater treatment plant outflows (Morris County, NJ, USA). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 88: 79-88.   DOI