Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.20406/kjcs.2022.8.28.3.483

A Latent Profile Analysis of Stress Coping Strategies among Korean Adults at the Early Stage of the Coronavirus Pandemic(COVID-19) and Verification of Influencing Factors  

Nam, Seulki (Sungkyunkwan University, Traumatic Stress Center)
Lee, Dong Hun (Sungkyunkwan University, Traumatic Stress Center)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue / v.28, no.3, 2022 , pp. 483-512 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study examined the patterns of coping strategies among Koreans during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, explored the influence of demographic information (gender, age, economic level, household type), along with the unusual experiences due to COVID-19 (fear, stress of COVID, constraints of routine, income risk) on the classification of subclasses, and analyzed the latent profile differences in psychological wellbeing (life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety). An online survey was conducted among Korean Adults(n=600) between April 13, 2020 and 21, when WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and Daegu as well as Gyeongsangbuk-do was nominated as a special disaster zone. First, Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to identify subclasses of coping strategies and results suggested that the 4-class model had the best fit. Second, Class memberships were predicted by gender, age, economic level, as well as fear, stress, constraints of routine, and income risk, among the unusual experiences due to COVID-19. Finally, there are differences in psychological wellbeing among latent profiles. 'High level of adaptive coping group 3' showed the highest level of life satisfaction, 'Adaptive-maladaptive coping group 4' showed the highest level of depression, anxiety. Implications and suggestions are discussed based on the study results.
Keywords
early stage of COVID-19 Pandemic early stage; Coping strategies; Unusual experiences due to COVID-19; Psychological wellbeing; Latent Profile Analysis;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Park, C. L., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2021). Americans' distress early in the COVID-19 pandemic: Protective resources and coping strategies. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(4), 422-431.   DOI
2 Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positibe Psychology, 3(2), 137-152.   DOI
3 Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological methodology, 25, 111-163.   DOI
4 Rogowska, A. M., Kusnierz, C., & Ochnik, D. (2021). Changes in Stress, Coping Styles, and Life Satisfaction between the First and Second Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Study in a Sample of University Students. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(17), 4025.   DOI
5 Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., ... & Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological medicine, 1-10.
6 Shigeto, A., Laxman, D. J., Landy, J. F., & Scheier, L. M. (2021). Typologies of coping in young adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of General Psychology, 148(3), 272-304.   DOI
7 Smallwood, N., Karimi, L., Pascoe, A., Bismark, M., Putland, M., Johnson, D., ... & Willis, K. (2021). Coping strategies adopted by Australian frontline health workers to address psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Hospital Psychiatry, 72, 124-130.   DOI
8 Sole, B., Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., Rosa, A. R., Hogg, B., ... & Torrent, C. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Spain: comparison between community controls and patients with a psychiatric disorder. Preliminary results from the BRIS-MHC STUDY. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 13-23.   DOI
9 Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097.   DOI
10 van Eersel, J. H., Taris, T. W., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). Complicated grief following job loss: Risk factors for its development and maintenance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(5), 698-706.   DOI
11 Vermunt, J. K. (2010). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches. Political Analysis, 18(4), 450-469.   DOI
12 Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. In J. Hagenaars, & A. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis. (pp. 89-106). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13 Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. John Wiley & Sons.
14 Wasil, A. R., Gillespie, S., Park, S. J., Venturo-Conerly, K. E., Osborn, T. L., DeRubeis, R. J., ... &Jones, P. J. (2021a). Which symptoms of depression and anxiety are most strongly associated with happiness? A network analysis of Indian and Kenyan adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 811-821.   DOI
15 Wasil, A. R., Franzen, R. E., Gillespie, S., Steinberg, J. S., Malhotra, T., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2021b). Commonly reported problems and coping strategies during the COVID-19 crisis: A survey of graduate and professional students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 598557   DOI
16 Yeung, D. Y. L., & Fung, H. H. (2007). Age differences in coping and emotional responses toward SARS: a longitudinal study of Hong Kong Chinese. Aging and Mental Health, 11(5), 579-587.   DOI
17 Wong, T. W., Yau, J. K., Chan, C. L., Kwong, R. S., Ho, S. M., Lau, C. C., ... & Lit, C. H. (2005). The psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on healthcare workers in emergency departments and how they cope. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(1), 13-18.   DOI
18 World Health Organization (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
19 Yang, F., Sun, J., Li, J., & Lyu, S. (2022). Coping strategies, stigmatizing attitude, and cyberbullying among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 lockdown. Current Psychology, 1-9.
20 Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267.   DOI
21 Chen, X., & Chen, H. (2020). Differences in preventive behaviors of COVID-19 between urban and rural residents: lessons learned from a cross-sectional study in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4437.   DOI
22 Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). Perceived stress scale (PSS). Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.   DOI
23 Coiro, M. J., Watson, K. H., Ciriegio, A., Jones, M., Wolfson, A. R., Reisman, J., & Compas, B. E. (2021). Coping with COVID-19 stress: Associations with depression and anxiety in a diverse sample of US adults. Current Psychology, 1-13.
24 Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., &Griffin, S. (1985). Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.   DOI
25 Kavcic, T., Avsec, A., & Kocjan, G. Z. (2021). Coping profiles and their association with psychological functioning: A latent profile analysis of coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 185, 111287.   DOI
26 Wardell, J. D., Kempe, T., Rapinda, K. K., Single, A., Bilevicius, E., Frohlich, J. R., ... & Keough, M. T. (2020). Drinking to cope during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of external and internal factors in coping motive pathways to alcohol use, solitary drinking, and alcohol problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(10), 2073-2083.   DOI
27 El-Monshed, A. H., El-Adl, A. A., Ali, A. S., & Loutfy, A. (2021). University students under lockdown, the psychosocial effects and coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study in Egypt. Journal of American College Health, 1-12.
28 Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, T. J.. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Ppsychology, 55, 745.   DOI
29 Harris, M. N., Knott, R. J., Lorgelly, P. K., & Rice, N. (2020). Using externally collected vignettes to account for reporting heterogeneity in survey self-assessment. Economics Letters, 194, 109325.   DOI
30 Jaspal, R., Assi, M., & Maatouk, I. (2020). Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health outcomes in societies with economic and political instability: case of Lebanon. Mental Health Review Journal, 25(3). 215-219.   DOI
31 Kim, J. H., Shim, Y., Choi, I., & Choi, E. (2021). The role of coping strategies in maintaining well-Being during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 320-332.
32 King, G., Murray, C. J., Salomon, J. A., & Tandon. A. (2004). Enhancing the validity and cross-cultural comparability of measurement in survey research. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 191-20   DOI
33 Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46(4), 352-367.   DOI
34 Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
35 Morales-Rodriguez, F. M. (2021). Fear, stress, resilience and coping strategies during COVID-19 in Spanish university students. Sustainability, 13(11), 5824.   DOI
36 Li, R. (2021). Fear of COVID-19: What Causes Fear and How Individuals Cope with It. Health Communication, 1-10.
37 Lischetzke, T., Schemer, L., In-Albon, T., Karbach, J., Konen, T., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2021). Coping under a COVID-19 lockdown: patterns of daily coping and individual differences in coping repertoires. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 1-19.
38 Meyer, B. (2001). Coping with severe mental illness: Relations of the Brief COPE with symptoms, functioning, and well-being. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(4), 265-277.   DOI
39 Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535-569.   DOI
40 이동훈, 김예진, 이덕희, 황희훈, 남슬기, 김지윤 (2020). 코로나바이러스 (COVID-19) 감염에 대한 일반대중의 두려움과 심리, 사회적 경험이 우울, 불안에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(4), 2119-2156.   DOI
41 Kelly, M. M., Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Sex differences in the use of coping strategies: predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 25(10), 839-846.   DOI
42 Sanjuan, P., Magallares, A., Avila, M., & Arranz, H. (2016). Effective and ineffective coping strategies: Psychometric properties of a reduced version of brief-COPE for heart patients. Official Proceedings of European Conference on Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 33-42.
43 Muthen, B., & Muthen, L. K. (2000). Integrating person centered and variable centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(6), 882-891.   DOI
44 Pastor, D. A., Barron, K. E., Miller, B. J., & Davis, S. L. (2007). A latent profile analysis of college students' achievement goal orientation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32(1), 8-47.   DOI
45 Rana, I. A., Bhatti, S. S., Aslam, A. B., Jamshed, A., Ahmad, J., & Shah, A. A. (2021). COVID-19 risk perception and coping mechanisms: Does gender make a difference?. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 55, 102096.   DOI
46 신서연 (2011). 한국어판 단축형 the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) 들의 타당성 연구. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
47 Seo, J. G., & Park, S. P. (2015). Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16(1), 1-7.   DOI
48 김정희 (1995). 스트레스 평가와 대처의 정서적 경험에 대한 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 7(1), 44-69.
49 권재기 (2014). 초등학생의 집단따돌림 역할자 분석: 잠재프로파일 탐색, 특성예측 및 종단적 변화양상 분석. 한국아동복지학, 45, 191-227.
50 박수애, 송관재 (2005). 사회적 불안이 개인의 심리적적응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제, 11(2), 1-29.
51 이동훈, 김지윤, 강현숙 (2016). 메르스 (MERS) 감염에 대해 일반대중이 경험한 두려움과 정서적 디스트레스에 관한 탐색적 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 35(2), 355-383.   DOI
52 임영진. (2012). 한국판 삶의 만족도 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도: 경찰공무원, 대학생, 청소년을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31(3), 877-896.
53 정주리, 이기학. (2007). 상담일반: 의미발견을 통한 의미추구와 주관적 안녕감의 모형 검증: 문제해결 책임감과 긍정적 재해석을 매개로. 상담학연구, 8(4), 1309-1321.   DOI
54 홍세희 (2019). 잠재계층, 잠재전이, 성장혼합모형. 서울: 박영사
55 Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1994). Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological assessment, 6(1), 50.   DOI
56 Alzoubi, F. A., Al-Smadi, A. M., & Gougazeh, Y. M. (2019). Coping strategies used by Syrian refugees in Jordan. Clinical Nursing Research, 28(4), 396-421.   DOI
57 Chien, W. T., Liu, T., Lam, L., Cross, W., Banik, B., & Rahman, M. A. (2021). Psychological Distress, Fear and Coping Strategies among Hong Kong People During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Current Psychology, 1-20.
58 Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Thomsen, A. H., & Saltzman, H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976-992.   DOI
59 Gurvich, C., Thomas, N., Thomas, E. H., Hudaib, A. R., Sood, L., Fabiatos, K., ... & Kulkarni, J. (2021). Coping styles and mental health in response to societal changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(5), 540-549.   DOI
60 Kalaitzaki, A., Tsouvelas, G., Tamiolaki, A., & Konstantakopoulos, G. (2021). Post-traumatic stress symptoms during the first and second COVID-19 lockdown in Greece: Rates, risk, and protective factors. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(1), 153-166.
61 Kohout, F. J., Berkman, L. F., Evans, D. A., & Cornoni-Huntley, J. (1993). Two shorter forms of the CES-D depression symptoms index. Journal of Aging and Health, 5(2), 179-193.   DOI
62 Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169.   DOI
63 Sarah, K., Oceane, S., Emily, F., & Carole, F. (2021). Learning from lockdown-Assessing the positive and negative experiences, and coping strategies of researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 236, 105269.   DOI
64 Bonne, O., Grillon, C., Vythilingam, M., Neumeister, A., & Charney, D. S. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(1), 65-94.   DOI
65 Fluharty, M., & Fancourt, D. (2021). How have people been coping during the COVID-19 pandemic? Patterns and predictors of coping strategies amongst 26,016 UK adults. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1-12.   DOI
66 Kamaludin, K., Chinna, K., Sundarasen, S., Khoshaim, H. B., Nurunnabi, M., Baloch, G. M., ... & Hossain, S. F. A. (2020). Coping with COVID-19 and movement control order (MCO): experiences of university students in Malaysia. Heliyon, 6(11), e05339.   DOI
67 Main, A., Zhou, Q., Ma, Y., Luecken, L. J., & Liu, X. (2011). Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 410.   DOI
68 Nickell, L. A., Crighton, E. J., Tracy, C. S., Al-Enazy, H., Bolaji, Y., Hanjrah, S., ... & Upshur, R. E. (2004). Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170(5), 793-798.   DOI
69 Savitsky, B., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & Hendel, T. (2020). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102809.   DOI
70 보건복지부 (2020). 수도권 사회적 거리두기 2단계 조치 사항(8.19~). Retrieved from http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/searchBoardView.do?brdId=3&brdGubun=32&dataGubun=321&ncvContSeq=3391에서 검색
71 Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structual Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 329-341.   DOI
72 김수영, 김명일, 장수지, 문경주 (2017). 잠재계층분석 (Latent Class Analysis) 을 활용한 한국 노인의 건강증진행위 유형화와 영향요인 분석. 보건사회연구, 37(2), 251-286.   DOI
73 박준호, 서영석 (2010). 대학생을 대상으로 한 한국판 지각된 스트레스 척도 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 29(3), 611-629.
74 이동훈, 김예진, 황희훈, 남슬기, 정다송 (2021). 코로나 19 팬데믹 시기 동안 한국인의 정서적 디스트레스에 영향을 미치는 심리.사회적 요인의 영향력에 대한 종단 두시점 비교연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 27(4), 629-659.   DOI
75 이호준, 이쌍철 (2021). 교육행정 연구에서의 자기보고식 인식 조사 활용에 대한 비판적 고찰 및 대안 탐색. 교육행정학연구, 39(3), 1-23.
76 전종보 (2022.06.15.). "오프라인 세상이 불편해요"... 엔데믹 블루?. 헬스조선. Retrieved from https://health.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2022/06/14/2022061400901.html에서 검색.
77 Bergman, L. R. & Magnusson. D. (1997). "A Prson-oriented Approach in Research on Developmental Psychopathology." Development and Psychopathology 9(2). 291-319.   DOI
78 Brantley, P. J., O'hea, E. L., Jones, G., & Mehan, D. J. (2002). The influence of income level and ethnicity on coping strategies. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(1), 39-45.   DOI
79 Butler, J. M., Hirshberg, E. L., Hopkins, R. O., Wilson, E. L., Orme, J. F., Beesley, S. J., ... Brown, S. M. (2016). Preliminary identification of coping profiles relevant to surrogate decision making in the ICU. PLoS One, 11(11), Article e0166542.   DOI
80 Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol'too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100.   DOI
81 Bakk, Z., & Vermunt, J. K. (2016). Robustness of stepwise latent class modeling with continuous distal outcomes. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 20-31.   DOI