Browse > Article

Velocity-effective stress response of $CO_2$-saturated sandstones  

Siggins, Anthony F. (Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies CSIRO Petroleum)
Publication Information
Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration / v.9, no.1, 2006 , pp. 60-66 More about this Journal
Abstract
Three differing sandstones, two synthetic and one field sample, have been tested ultrasonically under a range of confining pressures and pore pressures representative of in-situ reservoir pressures. These sandstones include: a synthetic sandstone with calcite intergranular cement produced using the CSIRO Calcite In-situ Precipitation Process (CIPS); a synthetic sandstone with silica intergranular cement; and a core sample from the Otway Basin Waarre Formation, Boggy Creek 1 well, from the target lithology for a trial $CO_2$ pilot project. Initial testing was carried on the cores at "room-dried" conditions, with confining pressures up to 65 MPa in steps of 5 MPa. All cores were then flooded with $CO_2$, initially in the gas phase at 6 MPa, $22^{\circ}C$, then with liquid-phase $CO_2$ at a temperature of $22^{\circ}C$ and pressures from 7 MPa to 17 MPa in steps of 5 MPa. Confining pressures varied from 10 MPa to 65 MPa. Ultrasonic waveforms for both P- and S-waves were recorded at each effective pressure increment. Velocity versus effective pressure responses were calculated from the experimental data for both P- and S-waves. Attenuations $(1/Q_p)$ were calculated from the waveform data using spectral ratio methods. Theoretical calculations of velocity as a function of effective pressure for each sandstone were made using the $CO_2$ pressure-density and $CO_2$ bulk modulus-pressure phase diagrams and Gassmann effective medium theory. Flooding the cores with gaseous phase $CO_2$ produced negligible change in velocity-effective stress relationships compared to the dry state (air saturated). Flooding with liquid-phase $CO_2$ at various pore pressures lowered velocities by approximately 8% on average compared to the air-saturated state. Attenuations increased with liquid-phase $CO_2$ flooding compared to the air-saturated case. Experimental data agreed with the Gassmann calculations at high effective pressures. The "critical" effective pressure, at which agreement with theory occurred, varied with sandstone type. Discrepancies are thought to be due to differing micro-crack populations in the microstructure of each sandstone type. The agreement with theory at high effective pressures is significant and gives some confidence in predicting seismic behaviour under field conditions when $CO_2$ is injected.
Keywords
Carbon dioxide; sequestration; pore pressure; velocity; attenuation;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Gassmann E, 1951, Dber die Elastizitat poroser Medien: Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich, 96, 1-23
2 Wang, Z., and Nur, A.M., 1989, Effects of $CO_2$, flooding on wave velocities in rocks with hydrocarbons: SPE Reservoir Engineering, 4, 429-436   DOI
3 Wang, D.E, Yassir, N., Enever, J., and Davies, P., 1997, Laboratory investigation of core-based stress measurement using synthetic sandstone: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 34, 654   DOI
4 Xue, Z., and Ohsumi, T., 2004, Seismic monitoring of $CO_2$, migration in watersaturated porous sandstone: Exploration Geophysics, 35, 25-32   DOI
5 Sherlock, D.H., Scoby-Smith, L., and Montague, E., 2005, Time-lapse analogue reservoir modelling of turbidite channel sands: Exploration Geophysics, 36, 216-223   DOI
6 Duranti, L., Davis, T. L., and Benson, R.D., 2000, Time-lapse analysis and detection of fluid changes at Vacuum Field, New Mexico: 70th Annual International Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Extended Abstracts, 1528-1531
7 Berryman J.G., 1999, Origin of Gassmann's equation: Geophysics, 64,1627-1629   DOI
8 Watson, M.N., Zwingmann, N., and Lemon, N.M., 2004, The Ladbroke GroveKatnook Carbon Dioxide Natural Laboratory: A Recent $CO_2$ Accumulation in a Lithic Sandstone Reservoir: Energy, 29,1457-1466   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Toksoz, M.N., Johnston, D.H., and Timur, A., 1979, Attenuation of seismic waves in dry and saturated rocks. I, Laboratory measurements: Geophysics, 44, 681-690   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Gupta, N., and Sass, B., 1999, Hydrodynamic and geochemical modeling for carbon dioxide sequestration in deep saline formations, Final Report, 28 February 1999: DE-AF26-98FT00874: Report to US Department of Energy (DOE), Federal Energy Technology Center
11 Span, R., and Wagner, W., 1996, A new equation of state for Carbon Dioxide covering the fluid region from the Triple-Point temperature to 1100 K at pressures up to 800 Mpa: Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 25, 1509-1596   DOI   ScienceOn