Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14474/ptrs.2015.4.1.32

Effects of mobile texting and gaming on gait with obstructions under different illumination levels  

Cha, Jaeyun (Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sahmyook Seoul Medical Center)
Kim, Hyunjin (Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital)
Park, Jaemyoung (Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul Medical Center)
Song, Changho (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University)
Publication Information
Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science / v.4, no.1, 2015 , pp. 32-37 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to test the effects of mobile texting and gaming on gait with obstructions under different illumination levels. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twelve healthy adults aged 20 to 36 years (mean 23.5 years) were tested under six different conditions. All participants used touchscreen smartphones. Testing conditions included: 1) Walking with an obstruction under a bright illumination level; 2) walking with an obstruction with a low level of illumination; 3) walking with an obstruction while texting under a bright illumination level; 4) walking with an obstruction while texting with a low level of illumination; 5) walking with an obstruction while gaming under a bright illumination level; and 6) walking with an obstruction while gaming with a low level of illumination. All participants were asked to text the Korean national anthem by their own phone and play Temple Run 2 using an iPhone 5. Gait variances were measured over a distance of 3 m, and the mean value after three trials was used. A gait analyzer was used to measure the data. Results: Compared to normal gait with obstruction, gait speed, step length, stride length, step time, stride time, cadence while texting and gaming showed significant differences (p<0.05). Differences between the illumination levels included gait speed, step length, stride length, and step time (p<0.05) with no significant differences in stride time and cadence. Conclusions: Dual-tasking using a smartphone under low levels of illumination lowers the quality of gait with obstructions.
Keywords
Cell phones; Gait; Task performance; Lighting;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Schabrun SM, van den Hoorn W, Moorcroft A, Greenland C, Hodges PW. Texting and walking: strategies for postural control and implications for safety. PLoS One 2014;9:e84312.   DOI
2 Stavrinos D, Byington KW, Schwebel DC. Distracted walking: cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians. J Safety Res 2011;42:101-7.   DOI
3 Nasar J, Hecht P, Wener R. Mobile telephones, distracted attention, and pedestrian safety. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40:69-75.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Bungum TJ, Day C, Henry LJ. The association of distraction and caution displayed by pedestrians at a lighted crosswalk. J Community Health 2005;30:269-79.   DOI
5 Hatfield J, Murphy S. The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalized and unsignalized intersections. Accid Anal Prev 2007;39:197-205.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Neider MB, McCarley JS, Crowell JA, Kaczmarski H, Kramer AF. Pedestrians, vehicles, and cell phones. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42:589-94.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Schwebel DC, Stavrinos D, Byington KW, Davis T, O'Neal EE, de Jong D. Distraction and pedestrian safety: how talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street. Accid Anal Prev 2012;45:266-71.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Rubinstein JS, Meyer DE, Evans JE. Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2001;27:763-97.   DOI
9 Langer P, Holzner B, Magnet W, Kopp M. Hands-free mobile phone conversation impairs the peripheral visual system to an extent comparable to an alcohol level of 4-5 g 100 ml. Hum Psychopharmacol 2005;20:65-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Woollacott M, Shumway-Cook A. Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research. Gait Posture 2002;16:1-14.
11 Kahneman D. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1973. p. 246.
12 Lamberg EM, Muratori LM. Cell phones change the way we walk. Gait Posture 2012;35:688-90.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Boisgontier MP, Beets IA, Duysens J, Nieuwboer A, Krampe RT, Swinnen SP. Age-related differences in attentional cost associated with postural dual tasks: increased recruitment of generic cognitive resources in older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:1824-37.   DOI
14 Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott M, Kerns KA, Baldwin M. The effects of two types of cognitive tasks on postural stability in older adults with and without a history of falls. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997;52:M232-40.
15 Weerdesteyn V, Schillings AM, van Galen GP, Duysens J. Distraction affects the performance of obstacle avoidance during walking. J Mot Behav 2003;35:53-63.   DOI
16 Weerdesteyn V, Nienhuis B, Hampsink B, Duysens J. Gait adjustments in response to an obstacle are faster than voluntary reactions. Hum Mov Sci 2004;23:351-63.   DOI
17 Byrne JM, Prentice SD. Swing phase kinetics and kinematics of knee replacement patients during obstacle avoidance. Gait Posture 2003;18:95-104.   DOI
18 Lamoureux E, Sparrow WA, Murphy A, Newton RU. The effects of improved strength on obstacle negotiation in community-living older adults. Gait Posture 2003;17:273-83.   DOI
19 Rietdyk S, Rhea CK. Control of adaptive locomotion: effect of visual obstruction and visual cues in the environment. Exp Brain Res 2006;169:272-8.   DOI
20 Hallemans A, Ortibus E, Meire F, Aerts P. Low vision affects dynamic stability of gait. Gait Posture 2010;32:547-51.   DOI
21 Pellecchia GL, Shockley K, Turvey MT. Concurrent cognitive task modulates coordination dynamics. Cogn Sci 2005;29:531-57.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Patla AE, Greig M. Any way you look at it, successful obstacle negotiation needs visually guided on-line foot placement regulation during the approach phase. Neurosci Lett 2006;397:110-4.   DOI
23 Lee MM, Song CH, Lee KJ, Jung SW, Shin DC, Shin SH. Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the OPTOGait Photoelectric cell system for the assessment of spatio-temporal parameters of the gait of young adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2014;26:81-5.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Morioka S, Hiyamizu M, Yagi F. The effects of an attentional demand tasks on standing posture control. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2005;24:215-9.   DOI
25 Lundin-Olsson L, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Attention, frailty, and falls: the effect of a manual task on basic mobility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46:758-61.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Chen HC, Schultz AB, Ashton-Miller JA, Giordani B, Alexander NB, Guire KE. Stepping over obstacles: dividing attention impairs performance of old more than young adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996;51:M116-22.
27 Catena RD, van Donkelaar P, Chou LS. Cognitive task effects on gait stability following concussion. Exp Brain Res 2007;176:23-31.   DOI
28 Siu KC, Lugade V, Chou LS, van Donkelaar P, Woollacott MH. Dual-task interference during obstacle clearance in healthy and balance-impaired older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2008;20:349-54.   DOI
29 MacLellan MJ, Patla AE. Adaptations of walking pattern on a compliant surface to regulate dynamic stability. Exp Brain Res 2006;173:521-30.   DOI
30 Marigold DS, Patla AE. Age-related changes in gait for multi-surface terrain. Gait Posture 2008;27:689-96.   DOI
31 Helbostad JL, Vereijken B, Hesseberg K, Sletvold O. Altered vision destabilizes gait in older persons. Gait Posture 2009;30:233-8.   DOI
32 Austin GP, Garrett GE, Bohannon RW. Kinematic analysis of obstacle clearance during locomotion. Gait Posture 1999;10:109-20.   DOI
33 Reynolds RF, Day BL. Visual guidance of the human foot during a step. J Physiol 2005;569:677-84.   DOI
34 Chamberlin ME, Fulwider BD, Sanders SL, Medeiros JM. Does fear of falling influence spatial and temporal gait parameters in elderly persons beyond changes associated with normal aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:1163-7.   DOI
35 Demura S, Uchiyama M. Influence of cell phone email use on characteristics of gait. Eur J Sport Sci 2009;9:303-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Harbluk JL, Noy YI, Trbovich PL, Eizenman M. An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: impacts on drivers' visual behavior and braking performance. Accid Anal Prev 2007;39:372-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Ebersbach G, Dimitrijevic MR, Poewe W. Influence of concurrent tasks on gait: a dual-task approach. Percept Mot Skills 1995;81:107-13.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Hallemans A, Beccu S, Van Loock K, Ortibus E, Truijen S, Aerts P. Visual deprivation leads to gait adaptations that are age- and context-specific: II. Kinematic parameters. Gait Posture 2009;30:307-11.   DOI
39 Hollands MA, Marple-Horvat DE. Visually guided stepping under conditions of step cycle-related denial of visual information. Exp Brain Res 1996;109:343-56.
40 Jahn K, Strupp M, Schneider E, Dieterich M, Brandt T. Visually induced gait deviations during different locomotion speeds. Exp Brain Res 2001;141:370-4.   DOI
41 Rhea CK, Rietdyk S. Visual exteroceptive information provided during obstacle crossing did not modify the lower limb trajectory. Neurosci Lett 2007;418:60-5.   DOI
42 Patla AE, Davies TC, Niechwiej E. Obstacle avoidance during locomotion using haptic information in normally sighted humans. Exp Brain Res 2004;155:173-85.   DOI
43 Moe-Nilssen R, Helbostad JL, Akra T, Birdedal L, Nygaard HA. Modulation of gait during visual adaptation to dark. J Mot Behav 2006;38:118-25.   DOI
44 Elliott DB, Bullimore MA, Patla AE, Whitaker D. Effect of a cataract simulation on clinical and real world vision. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:799-804.   DOI
45 Iosa M, Fusco A, Morone G, Paolucci S. Walking there: environmental influence on walking-distance estimation. Behav Brain Res 2012;226:124-32.   DOI
46 Choi JS, Kang DW, Shin YH, Tack GR. Differences in gait pattern between the elderly and the young during level walking under low illumination. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2014;16:3-9.
47 Rosengren KS, McAuley E, Mihalko SL. Gait adjustments in older adults: activity and efficacy influences. Psychol Aging 1998;13:375-86.   DOI
48 Gill J, Allum JH, Carpenter MG, Held-Ziolkowska M, Adkin AL, Honegger F, et al. Trunk sway measures of postural stability during clinical balance tests: effects of age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M438-47.   DOI
49 Speers RA, Kuo AD, Horak FB. Contributions of altered sensation and feedback responses to changes in coordination of postural control due to aging. Gait Posture 2002;16:20-30.   DOI
50 Paquet N, Lajoie Y, Rainville C, Sabagh-Yazdi F. Effect of navigation direction on the dual-task of counting backward during blind navigation. Neurosci Lett 2008;442:148-51.   DOI