Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.18857/jkpt.2019.31.4.161

Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Literature Review  

Lim, Hyoung won (Department of Physical Therapy, Dankook University)
Publication Information
The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy / v.31, no.4, 2019 , pp. 161-168 More about this Journal
Abstract
Most athletes with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures undergo a surgical ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and rehabilitation. On the other hand, controversy still exists because neither a reconstruction nor rehabilitation have been proven to be superior in the management of ACL injury. This study reviewed the success rates of interventions to provide recommendations for the optimal management after an ACL injury. One of the most important considerations after an ACL injury is the timing and type of intervention. At the early stages, which involve the loss of volume and strength of quadriceps femoral muscle, weight bearing (closed kinetic chain) exercises with pain management followed by high velocity resistance exercises in an open kinetic chain environment are recommended to improve the quadriceps function. After that, it is important to apply intensive isokinetic exercise with a lower extension rate. In this case, it is important to apply overload to the muscles and to simultaneously lead the co-contraction of the hamstrings. Standards are essential because the timing and type of interventions are crucial to prevent re-injury and complications, such as osteoarthritis, as well as to confirm the successful outcome of the treatment. Different interventions recommended for ACL damage have yet to reach consensus. Further studies will be needed to observe the effects of the intervention through multidisciplinary approaches.
Keywords
ACL rehabilitation; Evidence- based physical therapy; Muscle strength;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Wahlstedt C, Rasmussen-BarrE. Anterior cruciate ligament injury and ankle dorsiflexion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(11): 3202-7.   DOI
2 Hoch JM, Perkins WO, Hartman JR et al. Somatosensory deficits in post-ACL reconstruction patients: A case-control study. Muscle Nerve. 2017;55(1):5-8.   DOI
3 Irrgang JJ. Modern trends in anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: nonoperative and postoperative management. Clin Sports Med. 1993; 12(4):797-813.   DOI
4 Mangine RE, Noyes FR. Rehabilitation of the allograft reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;15(6):294-302.   DOI
5 Shelbourne KD, Nitz P. Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;15(6):256-64.   DOI
6 Failla MJ, Arundale AJ, Logerstedt DS et al. Controversies in knee rehabilitation: anterior cruciate ligament injury. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34(2): 301-12.   DOI
7 Mehl J, Otto A, Baldino JB et al. The ACL-deficient knee and the prevalence of meniscus and cartilage lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis (CRD42017076897). Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019.
8 Fukuda TY, Fingerhut D, Moreira VC et al. Open kinetic chain exercises in a restricted range of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(4):788-94.   DOI
9 Lynch AD, Logerstedt DS, Grindem H et al. Consensus criteria for defining "successful outcome" after ACL injury and reconstruction: a Delaware-Oslo ACL cohort investigation. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(5):335-42.   DOI
10 Wilk KE, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament disruption. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;15(6): 279-93.   DOI
11 Gerber JP, Marcus RL, Dibble LE et al. Effects of early progressive eccentric exercise on muscle size and function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 1-year follow-up study of a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(1):51-9.   DOI
12 Gerber JP, Marcus RL, Dibble LE et al. Effects of early progressive eccentric exercise on muscle structure after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(3):559-70.   DOI
13 Malempati C, Jurjans J, Noehren B et al. Current rehabilitation concepts for anterior cruciate ligament surgery in athletes. Orthopedics. 2015;38(11):689-96.   DOI
14 Gerber JP, Marcus RL, Dibble LE et al. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of negative work exercise via eccentric muscle activity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007; 37(1):10-18.   DOI
15 Gerber JP, Marcus RL, Dibble LE et al. Early application of negative work via eccentric ergometry following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case report. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(5):298-307.   DOI
16 Beynnon BD, Fleming BC. Anterior cruciate ligament strain in-vivo: a review of previous work. J Biomech. 1998;31(6):519-25.   DOI
17 Hoch JM, Baez SE, Hoch MC. Examination of ankle function in individuals with a history of ACL reconstruction. Phys Ther Sport. 2019.
18 Hortobagyi T, Barrier J, Beard D et al. Greater initial adaptations to submaximal muscle lengthening than maximal shortening. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81(4):1677-82.   DOI
19 Hortobagyi T, Dempsey L, Fraser D et al. Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. J Physiol. 2000;524(1):293-304.   DOI
20 LaStayo PC, Pierotti DJ, Pifer J et al. Eccentric ergometry: increases in locomotor muscle size and strength at low training intensities. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000; 278(5): R1282-8.   DOI
21 Frobell RB, Roos EM, Roos HP et al. A randomized trial of treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tears. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(4):331-42.   DOI
22 Frobell RB, Roos HP, Roos EM et al. Treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tear: five year outcome of randomised trial. BMJ. 2013; 346(6):f232.   DOI
23 Wellsandt E, Failla MJ, Axe M et al. Does anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction improve functional and radiographic outcomes over nonoperative management 5 Years after injury? Am J Sports Med. 2018; 46(9):2103-12.   DOI
24 Kovalak E, Atay T, Cetin Cet al. Is ACL reconstruction a prerequisite for the patients having recreational sporting activities? Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018;52(1):37-43.   DOI
25 Claes S, Hermie L, Verdonk R et al. Is osteoarthritis an inevitable consequence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(9): 1967-76.   DOI
26 Balasingam S, Sernert N, Magnusson H et al. Patients with concomitant intra-articular lesions at index surgery deteriorate in their knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score in the long term more than patients with isolated anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a study from the swedish national anterior cruciate ligament register. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(5): 1520-29.   DOI
27 Cox CL, Huston LJ, Dunn WR et al. Are articular cartilage lesions and meniscus tears predictive of IKDC, KOOS, and Marx activity level outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A 6-year multicenter cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(5):1058-67.   DOI
28 Filbay SR, Ackerman IN, Dhupelia S et al. Quality of life in symptomatic individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, with and without radiographic knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(5):398-408.   DOI
29 Forkel P, Von Deimling C, Lacheta L et al. Repair of the lateral posterior meniscal root improves stability in an ACL-deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(8):2302-09.   DOI
30 Secrist ES, Freedman KB, Ciccotti MG et al. Pain management after outpatient anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(9):2435-47.   DOI
31 Wang WM, Cui DP, Zhao DW et al. Gait analysis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with different methods. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010;90(1):10-4.
32 Sole G, Tengman E, Grip H et al. Knee kinematics during stair descent 20years following anterior cruciate ligament rupture with and without reconstruction. Clin Biomechanics. 2016;32:180-6.   DOI
33 Shanbehzadeh S, Mohseni Bandpei MA, Ehsani F. Knee muscle activity during gait in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury: a systematic review of electromyographic studies. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(5):1432-42.   DOI
34 Fong CM, Blackburn JT, Norcross MF et al. Ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion and landing biomechanics. J Athl Train. 2011;46(1):5-10.   DOI
35 Silvers HJ, Mandelbaum BR. ACL injury prevention in the athlete. Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 2011; 27(1):18-26.   DOI
36 vanYperen DT, Reijman M, vanEs EM et al. Twenty-year follow-up study comparing operative versus nonoperative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in high-level athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2018; 46(5):1129-36.   DOI
37 Petrigliano FA, Musahl V, Suero EM et al. Effect of meniscal loss on knee stability after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(S1):S86-93.   DOI
38 Seon JK, Gadikota HR, Kozanek M et al. The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on kinematics of the knee with combined anterior cruciate ligament injury and subtotal medial meniscectomy: an in vitro robotic investigation. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(2):123-30.   DOI
39 Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA et al. Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting. Am. J. Sports Med. 2006; 34(9):1512-32.   DOI
40 Yanagawa T, Shelburne K, Serpas F et al. Effect of hamstrings muscle action on stability of the ACL-deficient knee in isokinetic extension exercise. Clin Biomech. 2002;17(9-10):705-12.   DOI
41 Yoo JH, Lim BO, Ha M et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(6): 824-30.   DOI
42 Carter ND, Jenkinson TR, Wilson D et al. Joint position sense and rehabilitation in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(3):209-12.   DOI
43 Katayama M, Higuchi H, Kimura M et al. Proprioception and performance after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Int Orthop. 2004;28(5): 278-81.   DOI
44 Arnold JA, Coker TP, Heaton LM et al. Natural history of anterior cruciate tears. Am J Sports Med. 1979;7(6):305-13.   DOI
45 Sadoghi P, Von Keudell A, Vavken P. Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention training programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(9):769-76.   DOI
46 Myer GD, Ford KR, McLean SG et al. The effects of plyometric versus dynamic stabilization and balance training on lower extremity biomechanics. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(3):445-55.   DOI
47 Hewett TE, Zazulak BT, Myer GD et al. A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(6): 347-50.   DOI
48 Huston LJ, Greenfield ML, Wojtys EM. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete. Potential risk factors. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;372(372):50-63.   DOI
49 Lephart SM, Ferris CM, Fu FH. Risk factors associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Instr Course Lect. 2002;51:307-10.
50 Toth AP, Cordasco FA. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete. J Gend Specif Med. 2001;4(4):25-34.
51 Myer GD, Sugimoto D, Thomas S et al. The influence of age on the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(1):203-15.   DOI
52 Li G, Rudy TW, Sakane M, Kanamori A et al. The importance of quadriceps and hamstring muscle loading on knee kinematics and in-situ forces in the ACL. J Biomech. 1999;32(4):395-400.   DOI
53 Pandy MG, Shelburne KB. Theoretical analysis of ligament and extensor-mechanism function in the ACL-deficient knee. Clin Biomech. 1998;13(2):98-111.   DOI
54 Steele JR, Roger GJ, Milburn PD. Tibial translation and hamstring activity during active and passive arthrometric assessment of knee laxity. The Knee. 1994;1(4):217-23.   DOI
55 Baratta R, Solomonow M, Zhou BH et al. Muscular coactivation. The role of the antagonist musculature in maintaining knee stability. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16(2):113-22.   DOI
56 Kalund S, Sinkjaer T, Arendt-Nielsen L et al. Altered timing of hamstring muscle action in anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18(3):245-8.   DOI
57 Tagesson S, Oberg B, Good L et al. A comprehensive rehabilitation program with quadriceps strengthening in closed versus open kinetic chain exercise in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a randomized clinical trial evaluating dynamic tibial translation and muscle function. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(2):298-307.   DOI
58 Gagnier JJ, Morgenstern H, Chess L. Interventions designed to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(8):1952-62.   DOI
59 Postma WF, West RV. Anterior cruciate ligament injury-prevention programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(7):661-9.   DOI
60 Stojanovic MD, Ostojic SM. Preventing ACL injuries in team-sport athletes: a systematic review of training interventions. Res Sports Med. 2012;20(3-4):223-38.   DOI
61 Glass R, Waddell J, Hoogenboom B. The effects of open versus closed kinetic chain exercises on patients with ACL deficient or reconstructed knees: a systematic review. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2010;5(2):74-84.
62 Jewiss D, Ostman C, Smart N. Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises following an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp). 2017;2017: 4721548.
63 Yack HJ, Collins CE, Whieldon TJ. Comparison of closed and open kinetic chain exercise in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21(1):49-54.   DOI
64 Quatman CE, Quatman-Yates CC, Hewett TE. A 'plane' explanation of anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2010; 40(9):729-46.   DOI
65 Amis A, Dawkins G. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament: fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries. J Bone Joint Surg. 1991;73(2):260-7.   DOI
66 Boden BP, Dean GS, Feagin JA Jr et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics. 2000; 23(6):573-8.   DOI
67 Kobayashi H, Kanamura T, Koshida S, et al. Mechanisms of the anterior cruicate ligament injury in sports activities: a twenty-year clinical research of 1700 athletes. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2010; 9(4):669-75.
68 Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ. Anterior cruciate ligament injury rehabilitation in athletes. Biomechanical considerations. Sports Med. 1996;22(1): 54-64.   DOI
69 Clancy WG Jr, Ray JM, Zoltan DJ. Acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Surgical versus conservative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 ;70(10):1483-8.   DOI
70 S.R. Filbay, H. Grindem. Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2019.
71 Imran A, O'Connor JJ. Control of knee stability after ACL injury or repair: interaction between hamstrings contraction and tibial translation. Clin Biomech. 1998;13(3):153-62.   DOI
72 Osternig LR, Caster BL, James CR. Contralateral hamstring (biceps femoris) coactivation patterns and anterior cruciate ligament dysfunction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(6):805-8.
73 Solomonow M, Baratta R, Zhou BH et al. The synergistic action of the anterior cruciate ligament and thigh muscles in maintaining joint stability. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(15):207-13.   DOI
74 Walla DJ, Albright JP, McAuley E et al. Hamstring control and the unstable anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med. 1985; 13(1):34-9.   DOI
75 Hirokawa S, Solomonow M, Luo Z et al. Muscular co-contraction and control of knee stability. J Elect Kinesiol. 1991;1(3):199-208.   DOI
76 Shelburne KB, Pandy MG. Determinants of cruciate-ligament loading during rehabilitation exercise. Clin Biomech. 1998;13(6):403-13.   DOI
77 Liu W, Maitland ME. The effect of hamstring muscle compensation for anterior laxity in the ACL-deficient knee during gait. J Biomech. 2000; 33(7):871-9.   DOI
78 Serpas F, Yanagawa T, Pandy MG. Forward-dynamics simulation of anterior cruciate ligament forces developed during isokinetic dynamometry. Comput Meth Biomech Biomed Eng. 2002; 5(1):33-43.   DOI
79 Onate JA, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW et al. Instruction of jump-landing technique using videotape feedback: altering lower extremity motion patterns. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(6):831-42.   DOI
80 Taylor JB, Waxman JP, Richter SJ et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49(2):79-87.   DOI
81 Grindstaff TL, Hammill RR, Tuzson AE et al. Neuromuscular control training programs and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury rates in female athletes: a numbers-needed-to-treat analysis. J Athl Train. 2006;41(4):450-6.
82 Milner CE, Fairbrother JT, Srivatsan A et al. Simple verbal instruction improves knee biomechanics during landing in female athletes. Knee. 2012;19(4):399-403.   DOI