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A Study on Elemental Diffusion in Gilded Artifacts  

Jeon, Ik-Hwan (Conservation Science Lab., Gyeonggi Provincial Museum)
Lee, Jae-Sung (National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage)
Park, Jang-Sik (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Hongik University)
Publication Information
Journal of Conservation Science / v.26, no.2, 2010 , pp. 109-120 More about this Journal
Abstract
Four gilded bronze objects and a gilded silver object were examined for elemental diffusion between the gilding layer and the mating matrix. The gilded bronzes consist of three objects from three different historical periods, the Korean Three Kingdoms period, the Koryo and the Choseon periods and one from an unknown period. The gilded silver was from the Koryo period. The amalgam process seems to have been the major technique employed for all of them in gilding. The occurrence of substantial diffusion was observed in all but the anonymous object, particularly in the Choseon artifact where evidence was found that the diffusion phenomenon was intentionally utilized in gilding. The gold content in the gilded bronzes decreases gradually from surface to interior while the copper content increases to the interior, making it difficult to locate the boundary between the gilding layer and the matrix. This gradual change in composition must have resulted from elemental diffusion at elevated temperatures. The oxygen content negligible in the gilding layer precludes the possibility of corrosion being responsible for the varying composition. It is observed that non-uniform diffusion caused variation of colors in the surface of gilded bronzes. The change of colors induced by diffusion, which is always accompanied by the unique surface morphology and chemical compositions, is distinguished from the color change by corrosion. In the gilded silver object, diffusion of mercury was observed along with that of gold and silver.
Keywords
Gilded artifacts; Diffusion; Amalgam process; Surface color;
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