Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.15701/kcgs.2021.27.5.25

TF color mapping for direct volume rendering with CNN  

Kim, Seokyeon (Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University)
Jang, Yun (Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University)
Abstract
Direct Volume Rendering(DVR) renders by projecting data into a two-dimensional space without calculating the volume surfaces. In DVR, the transfer function(TF) assigns light properties such as color and transparency to the volume. However, it takes a long time for beginners to manipulate TF to understand volume data and assign colors. This paper proposes an approach to colorize the volume using sample images for intuitive volume rendering. We also discuss color extraction methods using K-means clustering.
Keywords
Direct Volume Rendering; CNN; TF colorization;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 P. Sereda, A. V. Bartroli, I. W. Serlie, and F. A. Gerritsen. "Visualization of boundaries in volumetric data sets using lh histograms." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(2):208-218, 2006.   DOI
2 M. Haidacher, D. Patel, S. Bruckner, A. Kanitsar, and M. E. Groller. "Volume visualization based on statistical transfer-function spaces." In IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis), pp. 17-24, 2010.
3 S. Lan, L. Wang, Y. Song, Y.-p. Wang, L. Yao, K. Sun, B. Xia, and Z. Xu. "Improving separability of structures with similar attributes in 2d transfer function design." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 23(5):1546-1560, 2017.   DOI
4 Z. Wang, A. C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, and E. P. Simoncelli. "Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13(4):600-612, 2004.   DOI
5 T. Pfaffelmoser, M. Reitinger, and R. Westermann. "Visualizing the positional and geometrical variability of isosurfaces in uncertain scalar fields." Computer Graphics Forum, 30(3):951-960, 2011.   DOI
6 S. Martin, S. Bruton, D. Ganter, and M. Manzke. "Using a depth heuristic for light field volume rendering." In Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 1: GRAPP,, pp. 134-144, 2019.
7 C. D. Correa and K.-L. Ma. "Visibility histograms and visibility-driven transfer functions." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 17(2):192-204, 2011.   DOI
8 R. A. Drebin, L. Carpenter, and P. Hanrahan. "Volume rendering." In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH '88, pp. 65-74. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1988.
9 H. Childs, E. Brugger, B. Whitlock, J. Meredith, S. Ahern, D. Pugmire, K. Biagas, M. Miller, G. H. Weber, H. Krishnan, et al. "Visit: An enduser tool for visualizing and analyzing very large data." High performance visualization-enabling extreme-scale scientific insight, pp. 357-372, 2012.
10 T. He, L. Hong, A. Kaufman, and H. Pfister. "Generation of transfer functions with stochastic search techniques." In Proceedings of Seventh Annual IEEE Visualization'96, pp. 227-234. IEEE, 1996.
11 S. Roettger, M. Bauer, and M. Stamminger. "Spatialized transfer functions." In EuroVis, pp. 271-278, 2005.
12 J. Hladuvka, A. Konig, and E. Groller. "Curvature-based transfer functions for direct volume rendering." In Proceedings of Spring Conference on Computer Graphics and its Applications, pp. 58-65, 2000.
13 G. Kindlmann and J. W. Durkin. "Semi-automatic generation of transfer functions for direct volume rendering." In Volume Visualization, 1998. IEEE Symposium on, pp. 79-86. IEEE, 1998.
14 G. Kindlmann, R. Whitaker, T. Tasdizen, and T. Moller. "Curvature-based transfer functions for direct volume rendering: Methods and applications." In Visualization, 2003. VIS 2003. IEEE, pp. 513-520. IEEE, 2003.
15 C. Correa and K.-L. Ma. "The occlusion spectrum for volume classification and visualization." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 15(6):1465-1472, 2009.   DOI
16 J. Li, L. Zhou, H. Yu, H. Liang, and L. Wang. "Classification for volume rendering of industrial ct based on moment of histogram." In 2007 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, pp. 913-918, 2007
17 P. Sereda, A. Vilanova, and F. A. Gerritsen. "Automating transfer function design for volume rendering using hierarchical clustering of material boundaries." In EuroVis, pp. 243-250, 2006.
18 H. Guo, N. Mao, and X. Yuan. "Wysiwyg (what you see is what you get) volume visualization." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 17(12):2106-2114, 2011.   DOI
19 L. Wang, X. Zhao, and A. E. Kaufman. "Modified dendrogram of attribute space for multidimensional transfer function design." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(1):121-131, 2012.   DOI
20 I. Fujishiro, T. Azuma, and Y. Takeshima. "Automating transfer function design for comprehensible volume rendering based on 3d field topology analysis." In Visualization'99. Proceedings, pp. 467-563. IEEE, 1999.
21 R. Bramon, M. Ruiz, A. Bardera, I. Boada, M. Feixas, and M. Sbert. "Information theory-based automatic multimodal transfer function design." IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, 17(4):870-880, 2013.   DOI
22 C. Correa and K.-L. Ma. "Size-based transfer functions: A new volume exploration technique." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 14(6):1380-1387, 2008.   DOI
23 B. Ma and A. Entezari. "Volumetric feature-based classification and visibility analysis for transfer function design." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(12):3253-3267, 2018.   DOI
24 P. Ljung, J. Kruger, E. Groller, M. Hadwiger, C. D. Hansen, and A. Ynnerman, "State of the art in transfer functions for direct volume rendering," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 669-691, 2016.   DOI
25 C. Lundstrom, P. Ljung, and A. Ynnerman. "Multi-Dimensional Transfer Function Design Using Sorted Histograms." In R. Machiraju and T. Moeller, eds., Volume Graphics. The Eurographics Association, 2006.
26 S. Kim, Y. Jang, SE. Kim, "Image-Based TF Colorization With CNN for Direct Volume Rendering" IEEE Access, 9, 124281-124294, 2021.   DOI
27 J. Kniss, G. Kindlmann, and C. Hansen. "Multidimensional transfer functions for interactive volume rendering." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(3):270-285, 2002.   DOI
28 R. Maciejewski, Y. Jang, I.Woo, H. Janicke, K. P. Gaither, and D. S. Ebert, "Abstracting attribute space for transfer function exploration and design," IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 94-107, 2013.   DOI
29 T. Fogal and J. Kruger. Tuvok, "an Architecture for Large Scale Volume Rendering." In Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Vision, Modeling, and Visualization, November 2010.
30 J. M. Kniss, R. V. Uitert, A. Stephens, G. . Li, T. Tasdizen, and C. Hansen. "Statistically quantitative volume visualization." In VIS 05. IEEE Visualization, 2005., pp. 287-294, 2005.
31 C. R. Salama, M. Keller, and P. Kohlmann. "High-level user interfaces for transfer function design with semantics." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(5), 2006.
32 S. Arens and G. Domik, "A survey of transfer functions suitable for volume rendering," in Proceedings of the 8th IEEE/EG international conference on Volume Graphics, pp. 77-83, Eurographics Association, 2010.
33 M. A. Selver and C. Guzelis. "Semiautomatic transfer function initialization for abdominal visualization using self-generating hierarchical radial basis function networks." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 15(3):395-409, 2009.   DOI
34 R. Maciejewski, I. Woo, W. Chen, and D. Ebert. "Structuring feature space: A non-parametric method for volumetric transfer function generation." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 15(6):1473-1480, 2009.   DOI
35 W. Serna-Serna, A. M. Alvarez-Meza, and A. A. Orozco-Gutierrez. "Volume rendering by stochastic neighbor embedding-based 2d transfer function building." In Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition, pp. 618-626. Springer, 2017.
36 S. Castro, A. Konig, H. Loffelmann, and E. Groller. "Transfer function specification for the visualization of medical data." Vienne University of Technology, 1998.
37 Y. Wu and H. Qu. "Interactive transfer function design based on editing direct volume rendered images." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 13(5):1027-1040, 2007.   DOI
38 J. J. Caban and P. Rheingans. "Texture-based transfer functions for direct volume rendering." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 14(6):1364-1371, 2008.   DOI
39 S. Wesarg, M. Kirschner, and M. F. Khan. "2d histogram based volume visualization: combining intensity and size of anatomical structures." International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 5(6):655-666, 2010.   DOI
40 H. Akibay and K.-L. May. "A tri-space visualization interface for analyzing time-varying multivariate volume data." In Proceedings of the 9th Joint Eurographics/IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization, pp. 115-122. Eurographics Association, 2007.
41 H. Guo, H. Xiao, and X. Yuan. "Scalable multivariate volume visualization and analysis based on dimension projection and parallel coordinates." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(9):1397-1410, 2012.   DOI
42 C. Lundstrom, P. Ljung, and A. Ynnerman. "Local histograms for design of transfer functions in direct volume rendering." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(6):1570-1579, 2006.   DOI
43 H. Guo, H. Xiao, and X. Yuan. "Multi-dimensional transfer function design based on flexible dimension projection embedded in parallel coordinates." In IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis), pp. 19-26, 2011.