Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.6.459

Comparing the anti-inflammatory effect of nanoencapsulated lycopene and lycopene on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line  

Seo, Eun Young (Department of Food Service Industry, Jangan University)
Kim, Myung Hwan (Department of Food Technology, Dankook University)
Kim, Woo-Kyoung (Department of Food & Nutrition, Dankook University)
Chang, Moon-Jeong (Department of Food & Nutrition, Kookmin University)
Publication Information
Journal of Nutrition and Health / v.48, no.6, 2015 , pp. 459-467 More about this Journal
Abstract
Purpose: We developed a method to load lycopene into maltodextrin and cyclodextrin in an attempt to overcome the poor bioavailability and improve the anti-inflammatory effect of this polyphenol. Methods: Nanosized lycopenes were encapsulated into biodegradable amphiphillic cyclodextrin and maltodextrin molecules prepared using a high pressure homogenizer at 15,000~25,000 psi. Cell damage was induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. The cells were subjected to various doses of free lycopene (FL) and nanoencapsulated lycopene (NEL). RT-PCR was used to quantify the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels, while ELISA was used to determine the protein levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. Results: NEL significantly reduced the mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$ at the highest dose, while not in cells treated with FL. In addition, NEL treatment caused a significant reduction in IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels, compared to cells treated with a similar dose of FL. In addition, mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 enzyme in the activated macrophages was more efficiently suppressed by NEL than by FL. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that lycopene is a potential inflammation reducing agent and nanoencapsulation of lycopene can further improve its anti-inflammatory effect during tissue-damaging inflammatory conditions.
Keywords
lycopene; nanoencapsulated lycopene; anti-inflammation; RAW 264.7 cells;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Levy J, Bosin E, Feldman B, Giat Y, Miinster A, Danilenko M, Sharoni Y. Lycopene is a more potent inhibitor of human cancer cell proliferation than either alpha-carotene or beta-carotene. Nutr Cancer 1995; 24(3): 257-266.   DOI
2 Pastori M, Pfander H, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A. Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 250(3): 582-585.   DOI
3 Sahu A, Bora U, Kasoju N, Goswami P. Synthesis of novel biodegradable and self-assembling methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-palmitate nanocarrier for curcumin delivery to cancer cells. Acta Biomater 2008; 4(6): 1752-1761.   DOI
4 Jeong HS, Han JG, Ha JH, Kim Y, Oh SH, Kim SS, Jeong MH, Choi GP, Park UY. Antioxidant activities and skin-whitening effects of nano-encapsuled water extract from rubus coreanus miquel. Korean J Med Crop Sci 2009; 17(2): 83-89.
5 Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. CMAJ 2000; 163(6): 739-744.
6 Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94(5): 391-398.   DOI
7 Stahl W, Sies H. Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for humans? Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 336(1): 1-9.   DOI
8 Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(4): 317-331.   DOI
9 Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Dorant E, van den Brandt PA. Vegetable and fruit consumption and prostate cancer risk: a cohort study in The Netherlands. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7(8): 673-680.
10 Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87(23): 1767-1776.   DOI
11 Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R, Ghosh L, van Breemen R, Ashton D, Bowen PE. Oxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce-based entrees as a whole-food intervention. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93(24): 1872- 1879.   DOI
12 Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Sakr W, Djuric Z, Pollak MN, Khachik F, Li YW, Banerjee M, Grignon D, Bertram JS, Crissman JD, Pontes EJ, Wood DP Jr. Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10(8): 861-868.
13 Michael McClain R, Bausch J. Summary of safety studies conducted with synthetic lycopene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 37(2): 274-285.   DOI
14 Borel P, Grolier P, Armand M, Partier A, Lafont H, Lairon D, Azais-Braesco V. Carotenoids in biological emulsions: solubility, surface-to-core distribution, and release from lipid droplets. J Lipid Res 1996; 37(2): 250-261.
15 Castenmiller JJ, West CE. Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Annu Rev Nutr 1998; 18(1): 19-38.   DOI
16 Schierle J, Bretzel W, Bühler I, Faccin N, Hess D, Steiner K, Schüep W. Content and isomeric ratio of lycopene in food and human blood plasma. Food Chem 1997; 59(3): 459-465.   DOI
17 Offord EA, Gautier JC, Avanti O, Scaletta C, Runge F, Krämer K, Applegate LA. Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32(12): 1293- 1303.   DOI
18 Shi J, Le Maguer M. Lycopene in tomatoes: chemical and physical properties affected by food processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2000; 40(1): 1-42.   DOI
19 Britton G. Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function. FASEB J 1995; 9(15): 1551-1558.   DOI
20 Lee MT, Chen BH. Stability of lycopene during heating and illumination in a model system. Food Chem 2002; 78(4): 425-432.   DOI
21 Mokarram R, Mortazavi S, Najafi MH, Shahidi F. The influence of multi stage alginate coating on survivability of potential probiotic bacteria in simulated gastric and intestinal juice. Food Res Int 2009; 42(8): 1040-1045.   DOI
22 Yu H, Huang Q. Enhanced in vitro anti-cancer activity of curcumin encapsulated in hydrophobically modified starch. Food Chem 2010; 119(2): 669-674.   DOI
23 Sahu A, Bora U, Kasoju N, Goswami P. Synthesis of novel biodegradable and self-assembling methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-palmitate nanocarrier for curcumin delivery to cancer cells. Acta Biomater 2008; 4(6): 1752-1761.   DOI
24 Ma Z, Haddadi A, Molavi O, Lavasanifar A, Lai R, Samuel J. Micelles of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) as vehicles for the solubilization, stabilization, and controlled delivery of curcumin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86(2): 300-310.
25 Markovits N, Ben Amotz A, Levy Y. The effect of tomato-derived lycopene on low carotenoids and enhanced systemic inflammation and oxidation in severe obesity. Isr Med Assoc J 2009; 11(10): 598-601.
26 Wang X, Jiang Y, Wang YW, Huang MT, Ho CT, Huang Q. Enhancing anti-inflammation activity of curcumin through O/W nanoemulsions. Food Chem 2008; 108(2): 419-424.   DOI
27 Tomren MA, Masson M, Loftsson T, Tonnesen HH. Studies on curcumin and curcuminoids XXXI. Symmetric and asymmetric curcuminoids: stability, activity and complexation with cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm 2007; 338(1-2): 27-34.   DOI
28 Desai MP, Labhasetwar V, Amidon GL, Levy RJ. Gastrointestinal uptake of biodegradable microparticles: effect of particle size. Pharm Res 1996; 13(12): 1838-1845.   DOI
29 Kundu JK, Surh YJ. Inflammation: gearing the journey to cancer. Mutat Res 2008; 659(1-2): 15-30.   DOI
30 Terzić J, Grivennikov S, Karin E, Karin M. Inflammation and colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138(6): 2101-2114.e5.   DOI
31 Baker RG, Hayden MS, Ghosh S. NF-kappaB, inflammation, and metabolic disease. Cell Metab 2011; 13(1): 11-22.   DOI
32 Anisowicz A, Messineo M, Lee SW, Sager R. An NF-kappa B-like transcription factor mediates IL-1/TNF-alpha induction of gro in human fibroblasts. J Immunol 1991; 147(2): 520-527.
33 Jones E, Adcock IM, Ahmed BY, Punchard NA. Modulation of LPS stimulated NF-kappaB mediated Nitric Oxide production by PKCepsilon and JAK2 in RAW macrophages. J Inflamm (Lond) 2007; 4(1): 23.   DOI
34 Yang C, Liu X, Cao Q, Liang Q, Qiu X. Prostaglandin E receptors as inflammatory therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2011; 88(5-6): 201-205.   DOI
35 Ambs S, Hussain SP, Harris CC. Interactive effects of nitric oxide and the p53 tumor suppressor gene in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. FASEB J 1997; 11(6): 443-448.   DOI
36 Bogdan C, Röllinghoff M, Diefenbach A. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2000; 173(1): 17-26.   DOI
37 Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, Gupta RA, Simon LS, Van De Putte LB, Lipsky PE. Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J 1998; 12(12): 1063-1073.   DOI
38 Chan G, Boyle JO, Yang EK, Zhang F, Sacks PG, Shah JP, Edelstein D, Soslow RA, Koki AT, Woerner BM, Masferrer JL, Dannenberg AJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res 1999; 59(5): 991-994.
39 Conner EM, Grisham MB. Inflammation, free radicals, and antioxidants. Nutrition 1996; 12(4): 274-277.   DOI
40 Lee CW, Yen FL, Huang HW, Wu TH, Ko HH, Tzeng WS, Lin CC. Resveratrol nanoparticle system improves dissolution properties and enhances the hepatoprotective effect of resveratrol through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60(18): 4662-4771.   DOI
41 Crispen PL, Uzzo RG, Golovine K, Makhov P, Pollack A, Horwitz EM, Greenberg RE, Kolenko VM. Vitamin E succinate inhibits NF-kappaB and prevents the development of a metastatic phenotype in prostate cancer cells: implications for chemoprevention. Prostate 2007; 67(6): 582-590.   DOI