Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11629/jpaar.2022.18.2.023

Investigation on the SARS-CoV-2 RNA and PM-2.5 inside Public Transportations in Seoul  

Seo, Minjeong (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Hong, Juhee (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Rhee, Hojun (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Park, Jinsol (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Lim, Hakmyeong (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Park, Myung Kyu (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Min, Byungchul (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Park, Eun Sun (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Lee, Sanghoon (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Kim, Hanjun (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Ha, Kwangtae (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Kwon, Seungmi (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Shin, Jinho (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Lee, Jaein (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Hwang, Youngok (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Oh, Younghee (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Shin, Yongseung (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Publication Information
Particle and aerosol research / v.18, no.2, 2022 , pp. 23-35 More about this Journal
Abstract
Recently, passengers using public transport are concerned about the effects of COVID-19 and fine dust. Therefore, from February 2020 to February 2021, we investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected even after disinfection in 55 public transportation places visited by confirmed patients in Seoul. 34 air samples and 702 object surface samples were collected and tested with RT-PCR, one surface sample was positive. In addition, preemptive investigations were conducted in 22 subway trains that passengers were being on board at that time. 1,018 preemptive tests were performed, and all were negative. Although PM-2.5 is dangerous in itself, it can be a potential carrier of viruses. It seemed that a solution was needed as one line continuously exceeded the criteria of PM-2.5. Through this study, it is judged that cluster infection in public transportation can be prevented if efforts to reduce the concentration of fine dust, appropriate disinfection management, and personal disinfection such as wearing a mask in public transportations.
Keywords
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Subway; Indoor Air Quality; Public Transportation; PM-2.5;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Biryukov, J., Boydston, J.A., Dunning, R.A., Yeager J.J., Wood, S., Reese, A.L., Ferris, A., Miller, D., Weaver, W., Zeitouni, N.E., Phillips, A., Freeburger, D., Idris Hooper, I., Shumate, S.R., Yolitz, J., Krause, M., Williams, G., Dawson, D.G., Herzog, A., Dabisch, P., Wahl, V., Hevey, M.C., and Altamura,L.A. (2020). Increasing temperature and relative humidity accelerates in- activation of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, mSphere, 5:e00441-20.
2 Kampf, G.,Todt, D.,. Pfaender, S., and Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J. Hosp. Infect. 104, 246&# 8211;251.   DOI
3 KCDC(Korea Centers of Disease Control and Prevention). (2021). Korea Coronavirus Disease-19, Republic of Korea, Media Resources, Press release, http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/en/tcmBoardList.do?brdId=12&brdGubun=125&data-Gubun=&ncvContSeq=&contSeq=&board_id=&gubun=
4 Moriarty, L.F., Plucinski, M.M., Marston, B.J., Kurbatova, E.V., Knust, B., Murray, E.L,, Pesik, N., Rose, D., Fitter, D., Kobayashi, M., Toda, M., Cantey, P.T., Scheuer, T., Halsey, E.S., Cohen, N.J., Stockman, L., Wadford, D.A., Medley, A.M., Green, G., Regan, J.J., Tardivel, K., White, S., Brown, C., Morales, C., Yen, C., Wittry, B., Freeland, A., Naramore, S., Novak, R.T., Daigle, D., Weinberg, M., Acosta, A., Herzig, C., Kapella, B.K., Jacobson, K.R., Lamba, K., Ishizumi, A., Sarisky, J., Svendsen, E., Blocher, T., Wu, C., Charles, J., Wagner, R., Stewart, A., Mead, P.S., Kurylo, E., Campbell, S., Murray, R., Weidle, P., Cetron, M., and Friedman, C.R. (2020). Public health responses to COVID-19 outbreaks on cruise ships-Worldwide, February–March. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report(MMWR). 69(12), 347–352.   DOI
5 Ministry of Environment. (2020a). Enforcement Rules of the Indoor Air Quality Management Act(abbrevi- ation: Enforcement Rules of the Indoor Air Quality Act). Ministry of Environment Ordinance No. 918
6 Ministry of Environment. (2020b). Manufacture and operation management guidelines for public transportation vehicles for indoor air quality management. Ministry of Environment Notice No. 2020-64, 2020
7 Norefrina, S.M.N., Chee, W.Y., Nazlina, I., Mohd, H.J., Zetti, Z.R., Norlaila, M., Haris, H.A.H., Kuhan, C., Mohd, T.L., Phei, E.S., Chin, Y.L., Kemal, M.A., Jamal, H.H., and Mohd, S.M.N. (2021). Particulate matter (PM2.5) as a potential SARS-CoV-2 carrier. Scientific Reports, 2508.
8 CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2021). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). How COVID-19 spreads https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html
9 Seo, M., Lim, H., Park, M., Ha, G., Kwon, S., Shin, J., Lee, J., Hwang, Y., Oh, Y., and Shin, Y. (2021) Field study of the indoor environments for pre- venting the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in Seoul. Indoor Air. 2021;00:1–13.
10 Seoul. (2020) Seoul transportation in 2020. ISBN : 9791165992736. 51-6110000-002504-01
11 Kampf, G., Lemmen, S., and Suchomel, M. (2021a) Ct values and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. Lancet Infectious Diseases. Vol21, e141.   DOI
12 Kampf, G., Pfaender, S., Goldman. E., and Steinmann, E. (2021b). SARS-CoV-2 Detection Rates from Surface Samples Do Not Implicate Public Surfaces as Relevant Sources for Transmission, Hygiene, 1(1), 24–40.   DOI
13 Kim, S.H., Chang, S.Y., Sung, M., Park, J.H., Kim, H.B., Lee, H., Choi, J.P., Choi, W.S., and Min, J.Y. (2016). Extensive Viable Middle East Respiratory Syndrome(MERS) Coronavirus Contamination in Air and Surrounding Environment in MERS Isolation Wards. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63(3), 363–369.   DOI
14 KCDC(Korea Centers of Disease Control and Prevention). (2020). COVID-19 Disinfection Guidelines for Public-use Facilities and Multi-use Facilities 2020. 3-4thed. http://www.kdca.go.kr/board/board.es?mid=a20507020000&bid=0019
15 Lv, J., Yang, J., Xue, J., Zhu, P., Liu, L., and Li, S. (2020). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA residue on object surfaces in nucleic acid testing laboratory using droplet digital PCR. Science of The Total Environment, 742, 140370.   DOI
16 Fears, A.C., Klimstra, W.B., Duprex, P., Hartman, A., Weaver, S.C., Plante, K.C., Mirchandani, D., Plante, J.A., Aguilar, P.V., Fernandez, D., Nalca, A., Totura, A., Dyer, D., Kearney, B., Lackemeyer, M., Bohannon, J.K., Johnson, R., Garry, R.F., Reed, D.S., and Roy, C.J. (2020). medRxiv; doi: 10.1101/2020.04.13.20063784   DOI
17 Lee, E.S., Lee, T.J., Park, M.B., Lee, T.J., Park, D.S., and Kim, D.S. (2017). Characteristics of particle matter concentration and classification of contamination patterns in the Seoul metropolitan subway tunnels. 33(6), 593-604   DOI
18 Moreno, T., Pinto, R.M., Bosch, A., Moreno, N., Alastuey, A., Minguillon, M.C., Anfruns-Estrada, E., Guix, S., Fuentes, C., Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., Morawska, L., Querola, X. (2020). Tracing surface and airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA inside public buses and subway trains. Environment International, 147, 106326
19 Lee, E.S., Park, M.B., Lee, T.J., Kim, S.D., Park, D.S., and Kim, D.S. (2016). Characterizing Particle Matter on the Main Section of the Seoul Subway Line-2 and Developing Fine Particle Pollution Map. Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 32(2), 216-232   DOI
20 Rahmani, A.R., Leili, M., Azarian, G., Poormohammadi, A. (2020). Sampling and detection of corona viruses in air: A mini review. Science of the Total Environment, 740, 1-8.
21 Seoul. (2021). Major traffic statistics. https://news.seoul.go.kr/traffic/archives/345
22 Vania, A.V., Bruno, P.R.L., Maria, E.G., Caroline, P.B., Eduardo, B., Viviane de, S.G.F., Meri, B.N., Sonia, M.R., Katherine, A.T.C., Izadora, C.F., Morgana, F.V., Ramiro, G.E., Jacques, F.M., Vanete, T.S., and Emanuel, M.S. (2021). Environmental Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus RNA in Health Facilities in Brazil and a Systematic Review on Contamination Sources. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 3824.
23 Yun, S.J., Song, M.Y., Lee, J.H., and Chun, H.J. (2020). Performance assessment of air purification system on buses in Seoul. Seoul Institute of Technology, 2020-SR-05
24 Virtanen, J., Aaltonen, K., Kivisto, I., and SironenJenni, T. (2021). Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on Clothing Materials. Hindawi Advances in Virology Volume 2021, Article ID 6623409.
25 WHO(World Health Organization). (2020). Surface sampling of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A practical "how to" protocol for health care and public health professionals. https://www.wh-o.int/publications/i/item/surface-sampling-of-coronavirus-dis-ease-(-covid-19)-a-practical-how-to-proto-col-for-health-care-and-public-health-professionals
26 Wolfel, R., Corman, V.M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Muller, M.A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T.C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., Hoelscher, M., Bleicker, T., Brunink, S., Schneider, J., Ehmann, R., Zwirglmaier, K., Drosten, C., and Wendtner, C. (2020). Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature, 581, 465–469   DOI
27 Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., and Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323, 1061–1069.   DOI
28 Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D.H., Holbrook, M.G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B.N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J.L., Thornburg, N.J., Gerber, S.I., Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Wit, E., and Munster, V.J. (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 382:1564–7.   DOI
29 Chin, A.W.H., Chu, J.T.S., Perera, M.R.A., Hui, K.P.Y., Yen, H., Chan, M.C.W., Peiris, M., Poon, L.L.M., (2020). Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions, The Lancet Microbe, vol. 1, no. 1, p.e10.   DOI
30 Corman, V.M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D.K.W., Bleicker, T., Brunink, S., Schneider, J., Schmidt, M.L., Mulders, D.G., Haagmans, B.L., Veer, B., Brink, S., Wijsman, L., Goderski, G., Romette, J.L., Ellis, J., Zambon, M., Peiris, M., Goossens, H., Reusken, C., Koopmans, M.P.G., and Drosten, C. (2020). Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill, 25(3), 23-30.
31 United Nations COVID-19 Response. How does COVID-19 spread?. (2020). https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/covid-19-faqs