Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2021.27.6.1001

Effect of agitation speed on microencapsulation of healing agent in PMMA shell and study on the mechanical properties of epoxy/PMMA microcapsules  

Jahadi, Ramin (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan)
Beheshti, Hamid (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan)
Heidari-Rarani, Mohammad (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan)
Navarchian, Amir H. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan)
Publication Information
Smart Structures and Systems / v.27, no.6, 2021 , pp. 1001-1010 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, the effect of agitation speed as a key process parameter on the morphology and particle size of epoxy-Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microcapsules was investigated. Thus, a new interpretation is presented to relate between the microcapsule size to rotational speed so as to predict the particle size at different agitation speeds from the initial capsule size. The PMMA shell capsules containing EC 157 epoxy and hardener as healing materials were fabricated through the internal phase separation method. The process was performed at 600 and 1000 rpm mechanical mixing rates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of spherical microcapsules with smooth surfaces. According to static light scattering (SLS) results, the average diameter size of the epoxy/PMMA capsules at two mixing rates were 7.49 and 5.11 ㎛ for 600 and 1000 rpm, respectively, indicating that the mean size increased as the mixing rates of the process increased. The D50, D90 and mean particle size values were the lowest for hardener/PMMA microcapsules at 1000 rpm. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was conducted to describe the chemical structure of epoxy and hardener PMMA capsules. To investigate the reinforcing role of microcapsules, they embedded in EPL-1012 epoxy resin with various amounts of 1 and 2.5 wt.% epoxy/PMMA capsules. The investigation also involved the effect of microcapsules on mechanical behavior as well as the reinforcement of polymer composite material. Experimental results showed that the tensile strength of the self-healing polymer composite slightly increased by 1 wt.% PMMA microcapsules prepared at 1000 rpm and then reduced with an increase in the concentration and mean size diameter of PMMA microcapsules. In addition, a similar trend of Young's modulus was seen for pristine epoxy matrix and microcapsule-loaded epoxy composite.
Keywords
self-healing; PMMA microencapsulation; epoxy composite; reinforcing properties;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Bekas, D.G., Tsirka, K., Baltzis, D. and Paipetis, A.S. (2016), "Self-healing materials: A review of advances in materials, evaluation, characterization and monitoring techniques", Compos. Part B: Eng., 87, 92-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.09.057   DOI
2 Blaiszik, B.J., Kramer, S.L.B., Olugebefola, S.C., Moore, J.S., Sottos, N.R. and White, S.R. (2010), "Self-Healing Polymers and Composites", Annual Rev. Mater. Res., 40(1), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070909-104532   DOI
3 Bolimowski, P.A., Wass, D.F. and Bond, I.P. (2016), "Assessment of microcapsule-catalyst particles healing system in high performance fibre reinforced polymer composite", Smart Mater. Struct., Int. J., 25(8), 084009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/084009   DOI
4 Drenchev, L. and Sobczak, J.J. (2014), Self-healing Materials as Biomimetic Smart Structures, Foundry Research Institute, Krakow, Poland.
5 Luterbacher, R., Trask, R.S. and Bond, I.P. (2016), "Static and fatigue tensile properties of cross-ply laminates containing vascules for self-healing applications", Smart Mater. Struct., 25(1), 015003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/1/015003   DOI
6 Tong, X.M., Zhang, T., Yang, M.Z. and Zhang, Q. (2010), "Preparation and characterization of novel melamine modified poly(urea-formaldehyde) self-repairing microcapsules", Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 371(1-3), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.09.009   DOI
7 Hillewaere, X.K.D. and Du Prez, F.E. (2015), "Fifteen chemistries for autonomous external self-healing polymers and composites", Progress Polym. Sci., 49-50, 121-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.004   DOI
8 Ahangaran, F., Hayaty, M. and Navarchian, A.H. (2017b), "Morphological study of polymethyl methacrylate microcapsules filled with self-healing agents", Appl. Surf. Sci., 399, 721-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.116   DOI
9 Duan, G., Zhang, C., Li, A., Yang, X., Lu, L. and Wang, X. (2008), "Preparation and Characterization of Mesoporous Zirconia Made by Using a Poly (methyl methacrylate) Template", Nanosc. Res. Lett., 3(3), 118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-008-9123-7   DOI
10 He, Z., Jiang, S., An, N., Li, X., Li, Q., Wang, J., Zhao, Y. and Kang, M. (2019), "Self-healing isocyanate microcapsules for efficient restoration of fracture damage of polyurethane and epoxy resins", J. Mater. Sci., 54(11), 8262-8275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-03236-3   DOI
11 Hu, H., Zhang, L., Yu, R., Yuan, L., Yang, Y., He, X., Wang, J. and Li, Z. (2020), "Microencapsulation of ethylenediamine and its application in binary self-healing system using dual-microcapsule", Mater. Des., 189, 108535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108535   DOI
12 Kim, S.Y., Sottos, N.R. and White, S.R. (2019), "Self-healing of fatigue damage in cross-ply glass/epoxy laminates", Compos. Sci. Technol., 175, 122-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.03.016   DOI
13 Navarchian, A.H., Najafipoor, N. and Ahangaran, F. (2019), "Surface-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules containing linseed oil for application in self-healing epoxy-based coatings", Progress Organ. Coat., 132, 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.03.029   DOI
14 Kosarli, M., Bekas, D.G., Tsirka, K., Baltzis, D., Vaimakis-Tsogkas, D.T., Orfanidis, S., Papavassiliou, G. and Paipetis, A.S. (2019), "Microcapsule-based self-healing materials: Healing efficiency and toughness reduction vs. capsule size", Compos. Part B: Eng., 171, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.04.030   DOI
15 Kousourakis, A. and Mouritz, A.P. (2010), "The effect of selfhealing hollow fibres on the mechanical properties of polymer composites", Smart Mater. Struct., 19(8), 085021. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/19/8/085021   DOI
16 Sharma, A., Pandey, A., Shukla, D.K. and Pandey, K.N. (2018), "Effect of Self-Healing Dicyclopentadiene Microcapsules on Fracture Toughness of Epoxy", Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(10), 21256-21262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.526   DOI
17 Lee, J., Zhang, M., Bhattacharyya, D., Yuan, Y.C., Jayaraman, K. and Mai, Y.W. (2012), "Micromechanical behavior of self-healing epoxy and hardener-loaded microcapsules by nanoindentation", Mater. Lett., 76, 62-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.02.052   DOI
18 Li, H., Wang, R., Hu, H. and Liu, W. (2008), "Surface modification of self-healing poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules using silane-coupling agent", Appl. Surf. Sci., 255(5), 1894-1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.06.170   DOI
19 Li, Q., Mishra, A.K., Kim, N.H., Kuila, T., Lau, K.T. and Lee, J.H. (2013a), "Effects of processing conditions of poly(methylmethacrylate) encapsulated liquid curing agent on the properties of self-healing composites", Compos. Part B: Engineering, 49, 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.01.011   DOI
20 Li, Q., Siddaramaiah, Kim, N.H., Hui, D. and Lee, J.H. (2013b), "Effects of dual component microcapsules of resin and curing agent on the self-healing efficiency of epoxy", Compos. Part B: Eng., 55, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.006   DOI
21 Omosola, F., Kevin, R. and Biswajit, B. (2014), "Glass fibre polyester composite with in vivo vascular channel for use in self-healing", Smart Mater. Struct., 23(9), 095017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/095017   DOI
22 Omosola, F., Kevin, R. and Biswajit, B. (2015), "Application of self-healing technique to fibre reinforced polymer wind turbine blade", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 16(4), 593-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2015.16.4.593   DOI
23 Schramm, G. (1994), A practical approach to rheology and rheometry, Gebrueder Haake, Karlsruhe, Germany.
24 Suryanarayana, C., Rao, K.C. and Kumar, D. (2008), "Preparation and characterization of microcapsules containing linseed oil and its use in self-healing coatings", Progress Organ. Coat., 63(1), 72-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.04.008   DOI
25 Souzandeh, H. and Netravali, A.N. (2019) "Self-healing of 'green' thermoset zein resins with irregular shaped waxy maize starch-based/poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microcapsules", Compos. Sci. Technol., 183, 107831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107831   DOI
26 Sun, T., Shen, X., Peng, Ch., Fan, H., Liu, M. and Wu, Zh. (2019), "A novel strategy for the synthesis of self-healing capsule and its application", Compos. Sci. Technol., 171, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.12.006   DOI
27 Sun, Y., Wang, S., Dong, X., Liang, Y., Lu, W., He, Z. and Qi, G. (2020), "Optimized synthesis of isocyanate microcapsules for self-healing application in epoxy composites", High Perform. Polym., 0954008319897745. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008319897745   DOI
28 Ahangaran, F., Hayaty, M., Navarchian, A.H., Pei, Y. and Picchioni, F. (2019), "Development of self-healing epoxy composites via incorporation of microencapsulated epoxy and mercaptan in poly(methyl methacrylate) shell", Polym. Test., 73, 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.11.041   DOI
29 Ahangaran, F., Navarchian, A.H., Mehran, H. and Esmailpour, K. (2016), "Effect of mixing mode and emulsifying agents on micro/nanoencapsulation of low viscosity self-healing agents in polymethyl methacrylate shell", Smart Mater. Struct., 25(9), 095035. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/9/095035   DOI
30 Ahangaran, F., Hayaty, M., Navarchian, A.H. and Picchioni, F. (2017a), "Micromechanical assessment of PMMA microcapsules containing epoxy and mercaptan as self-healing agents", Polym. Test., 64, 330-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.10.014   DOI
31 Andersson, H.M., Keller, M.W., Moore, J.S., Sottos N.R. and White, S. (2007), "Self Healing Polymers and Composites", Self Healing Mater., 100, 19-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6250-6_2   DOI
32 Urdl, K., Kandelbauer, A., Kern, W., Muller, U., Thebault, M. and Zikulnig-Rusch, E. (2017), "Self-healing of densely crosslinked thermoset polymers-a critical review", Progress Organic Coat., 104, 232-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.11.010   DOI
33 Theophile, T. (2012), Infrared spectroscopy: materials science, Engineering and Technology, IntechOpen, Shanghai, China.
34 Trask, R.S. and Bond, I.P. (2006), "Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres", Smart Mater. Struct., 15(3), 704-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/15/3/005   DOI
35 Ullah, H., Azizli, K.A.M., Man, Z.B., Ismail, M.B.C. and Khan, M.I. (2016), "The Potential of Microencapsulated Self-healing Materials for Microcracks Recovery in Self-healing Composite Systems: A Review", Polym. Rev., 56(3), 429-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2015.1107098   DOI
36 Taheri, M.N., Sabet, S.A. and Kolahchi, R. (2020), "Experimental investigation of self-healing concrete after crack using nanocapsules including polymeric shell and nanoparticles core", Smart Struct. Syst., Int. J., 25(3), 337-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.3.337   DOI
37 Yan, X., Chang, Y. and Qian, X. (2019), "Preparation and Self-Repairing Properties of Urea Formaldehyde-Coated Epoxy Resin Microcapsules", Int. J. Polym. Sci., 7215783. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7215783   DOI
38 ASTM International (2014), Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, ASTM D638-14, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
39 Wang, R., Li, H., Liu, W. and He, X. (2010), "Surface Modification of Poly(urea-formaldehyde) Microcapsules and the Effect on the Epoxy Composites Performance", J. Macromol. Sci., Part A, 47(10), 991-995. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2010.507982   DOI
40 Wang, Y., Pham, D.T. and Ji, C. (2015), "Self-healing composites: A review", Cogent Eng., 2, 1075686. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2015.1075686   DOI
41 Yuan, Y.C., Rong, M.Z., Zhang, M.Q., Chen, J., G. Yang, C. and Li, X.M. (2008), "Self-healing polymeric materials using epoxy/mercaptan as the healant", Macromolecules, 41(14), 5197-520. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma800028d   DOI
42 Yuan, Y.C., Rong, M.Z., Zhang, M.Q., Chen, J. and G. Yang, C. (2009), "Study of factors related to performance improvement of self-healing epoxy based on dual encapsulated healant", Polymer, 50(24), 5771-5781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.019   DOI
43 Zhai, L., Narkar, A. and Ahn, K. (2020), "Self-healing polymers with nanomaterials and nanostructures", Nano Today, 30, 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100826   DOI
44 Zhu, D.Y., Rong, M.Z. and Zhang, M.Q. (2015), "Self-healing polymeric materials based on microencapsulated healing agents: From design to preparation", Progress Polym. Sci., 49-50, 175-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.07.002   DOI
45 Zhang, H., Wang, P. and Yang, J. (2014), "Self-healing epoxy via epoxy-amine chemistry in dual hollow glass bubbles", Compos. Sci. Technol., 94, 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.01.009   DOI