Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2010.6.5_6.525

Development and deployment of large scale wireless sensor network on a long-span bridge  

Pakzad, Shamim N. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University)
Publication Information
Smart Structures and Systems / v.6, no.5_6, 2010 , pp. 525-543 More about this Journal
Abstract
Testing and validation processes are critical tasks in developing a new hardware platform based on a new technology. This paper describes a series of experiments to evaluate the performance of a newly developed MEMS-based wireless sensor node as part of a wireless sensor network (WSN). The sensor node consists of a sensor board with four accelerometers, a thermometer and filtering and digitization units, and a MICAz mote for control, local computation and communication. The experiments include calibration and linearity tests for all sensor channels on the sensor boards, dynamic range tests to evaluate their performance when subjected to varying excitation, noise characteristic tests to quantify the noise floor of the sensor board, and temperature tests to study the behavior of the sensors under changing temperature profiles. The paper also describes a large-scale deployment of the WSN on a long-span suspension bridge, which lasted over three months and continuously collected ambient vibration and temperature data on the bridge. Statistical modal properties of a bridge tower are presented and compared with similar estimates from a previous deployment of sensors on the bridge and finite element models.
Keywords
wireless sensor network; testing and calibration; MEMS; modal analysis; bridge monitoring;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Abdel-Ghaffar, A.M. and Scanlan, R.H. (1985), "Ambient vibration studies of golden gate Bridge: II Pier-Tower Structure", J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE, 111(4), 483-499.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Abdel-Ghaffar, A.M., Scanlan, R.H. and Diehl, J.G. (1985), Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the Golden Gate Bridge by ambient vibration measurements, Report No. 85-SM-1, Department of Civil Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NY.
3 Analog Devices (1999), ADXL202/ADXL210: Low Cost ${\pm}$2 g/${\pm}$10 g Dual Axis $iMEMS^{{\circledR}}$ Accelerometers with Digital Output Data Sheet, http://www.analog.com/en/prod/0,2877,ADXL202,00.html
4 Andersen P. (1997) Identification of Civil Engineering Structures Using Vector ARMA Models, PhD dissertation, Department of Building Technology and Structural Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.
5 Aoki, S., Fujino, Y. and Abe, M. (2003), "Intelligent bridge maintenance system using MEMS and network technology", Proc. SPIE, 5057, 37-42.
6 Cho, S., Yun, C.B., Lynch, J.P., Zimmerman, A.T., Spencer, Jr., B.F. and Nagayama, T. (2008), "Smart wireless sensor technology for structural health monitoring of civil structures", Int. J. Steel Struct., 8(4), 267-275.
7 Crossbow Technology (2007), MICAz-Wirless Measurement System, Available at http://www.xbow.com/Products/ Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICAz_Datasheet.pdf.
8 De Roeck, G., Claesen, W. and Van Den Broeck, P. (1995), "DDS-methodology applied to parameter identification of civil engineering structures", Proceedings of the Vibration and Noise '95, Venice, Italy, April.
9 Hackmann, G., Sun, F., Castaneda, N., Lu, C. and Dyke, S. (2008), A Holistic Approach to Decentralized Structural Damage Localization Using Wireless Sensor Networks, Technical Report No 2008-9, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO.
10 Heylen, W., Lammens, S. and Sas, P. (1995), Modal Analysis Theory and Testing, KUL Press, Leuven, Belgium.
11 Hill, J., Gay, D. and Levis, P. (2003), Index of /tinyos-1.x/tos/system, Available at http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos- 1.x/tos/system.
12 Lu, K.C., Wang, Y., Lynch, J.P., Loh, C.H., Chen, Y.J., Lin, P.Y. and Lee, Z.K. (2006), "Ambient vibration study of Gi-Lu cable-stay bridge: application of wireless sensing units", Proceedings of the SPIE 13th Annual Symposium on Smart Structural and Materials, San Diego, CA, USA.
13 Lynch, J.P., Sundararajan, A., Law, K.H., Kiremidjian, A.S., Carryer, E., Sohn, H. and Farrar, C.R. (2003), "Field validation of a wireless structural health monitoring system on the alamosa canyon bridge", Proceedings of the SPIE's 10th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, USA, March.
14 Lynch, J.P., Wang, Y., Law, K.H., Yi, J.H., Lee, C.G. and Yun, C.B. (2005), "Validation of a large-scale wireless structural monitoring system on the geumdang bridge", Proceedings of the International Conference on Safety and Structural Reliability (ICOSSAR), Rome, Italy.
15 Nagayama, T., Ruiz-Sandoval, M., Spencer, Jr., B.F., Mechitov, K.A. and Agha, G. (2004), "Wireless strain sensor development for civil infrastructure", Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Networked Sensing Systems, Tokyo, Japan, June.
16 Pakzad, S.N. and Fenves, G.L. (2009), "Statistical analysis of vibration modes of a suspension bridge using spatially dense wireless sensor network", J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE, 135(7), 863-872.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Pakzad, S.N., Fenves, G.L., Kim, S. and Culler, D.E. (2008), "Design and implementation of scalable wireless sensor network for structural monitoring", J. Infrastruct. Eng., 14(1), 89-101.   DOI
18 Pandit, S.M. (1991), Modal and Spectrum Analysis: Data Dependent Systems in State Space, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
19 Rice, J.A. and Spencer, Jr., B.F. (2008), "Structural health monitoring sensor development for the Imtoe2 platform", Proceedings of the SPIE Conference, San Diego, CA, USA.
20 Pappa, R.S., Elliott, K.B. and Schenck, A. (1993), "Consistent mode indicator for eigen system realization algorithm", J. Guid. Control Dynam., 16(5), 852-858.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Ruiz-Sandoval, M., Nagayama, T. and Spencer, B.F. (2006), "Sensor development using berkeley mote platform", J. Earthq. Eng., 10(2), 289-309.   DOI
22 Ruiz-Sandoval, M., Spencer, Jr., B.F. and Kurata, N. (2003), "Development of a high sensitivity accelerometer for the mica platform", Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford, CA, September.
23 Silicon Designs (2007), Low Noise Analog Accelerometer, Available at http://www.silicondesigns.com/Pdf/1221.pdf.
24 Spencer, Jr., B.F. (2003), "Opportunities and challenges for smart sensing technology", Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure, Tokyo, Japan, November.
25 Spencer, Jr., B.F., Ruiz-Sandoval, M.E. and Kurata, N. (2004), "Smart sensing technology: opportunities and challenges", Struct. Control Health Monit., 11(4), 349-368.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Stahl, F.L., Mohn, D.E. and Currie, M.C. (2007), The Golden Gate Bridge, Report of the Chief Engineer, Volume II, Golden Gate Bridge and Transportation District, San Francisco, CA.
27 Strauss, J.B. (1937), The Golden Gate Bridge, Report to the Board of Directors of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, California, September.
28 Whelan, M.J. and Janoyan, K.D. (2009), "Design of a robust, high-rate wireless sensor network for static and dynamic structural monitoring", J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str., 20(7), 849-863.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Wu, H., Zonta, D., Pozzi, M., Zanon, P., Cerlonl, M., Monola, L., Picco, G.P., Murphy, A.L., Guna, S. and Carra, M. (2009), "Real-time health monitoring of historic buildings with wireless sensor networks", Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring; From System Integration to Autonomous Systems, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17602, USA.