Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2012.15.6.481

Calculated external pressure coefficients on livestock buildings and comparison with Eurocode 1  

Kateris, D.L. (Department of Hydraulics, Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki)
Fragos, V.P. (Department of Hydraulics, Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki)
Kotsopoulos, T.A. (Department of Hydraulics, Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki)
Martzopoulou, A.G. (School of Architecture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki)
Moshou, D. (Department of Hydraulics, Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki)
Publication Information
Wind and Structures / v.15, no.6, 2012 , pp. 481-494 More about this Journal
Abstract
The greenhouse type metal structures are increasingly used in modern construction of livestock farms because they are less laborious to construct and they provide a more favorable microclimate for the growth of animals compared to conventional livestock structures. A key stress factor for metal structures is the wind. The external pressure coefficient ($c_{pe}$) is used for the calculation of the wind effect on the structures. A high pressure coefficient value leads to an increase of the construction weight and subsequently to an increase in the construction cost. The EC1 in conjunction with EN 13031-1:2001, which is specialized for greenhouses, gives values for this coefficient. This value must satisfy two requirements: the safety of the structure and a reduced construction cost. In this paper, the Navier - Stokes and continuity equations are solved numerically with the finite element method (Galerkin Method) in order to simulate the two dimensional, incompressible, viscous air flow over the vaulted roofs of single span and twin-span with eaves livestock greenhouses' structures, with a height of 4.5 meters and with length of span of 9.6 and 14 m. The simulation was carried out in a wind tunnel. The numerical results of pressure coefficients, as well as, the distribution of them are presented and compared with data from Eurocodes for wind actions (EC1, EN 13031-1:2001). The results of the numerical experiment were close to the values given by the Eurocodes mainly on the leeward area of the roof while on the windward area a further segmentation is suggested.
Keywords
Eurocode; external pressure coefficient; CFD; livestock building; wind flow;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Antoniou, J. and Bergeles, G. (1988), "Development of the reattached flow behind surface-mounted twodimensional prisms", J. Fluid. Eng. - T. ASME, 110(2), 127-133.   DOI
2 Armaly, B.F., Durst, F., Pereira, J.C.F. and Schonung, B. (1983), "Experimental and theoretical investigation of backward-facing step flow", J. Fluid Mech., 127, 473-496.   DOI
3 Blackmore, P.A. and Tsokri, E. (2006), "Wind loads on curved roofs", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 94(11), 833-844.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Boum, G.B.N., Martemianov, S. and Alemany, A. (1999), "Computational study of laminar flow and mass transfer around a surface-mounted obstacle", Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 42(15), 2849-2861.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 CEN. (2001), Comite Europeen de Normalisation, EN 13031-1-2001, Greenhouses: Design and construction Part 1: Commercial production greenhouses, Brussels.
6 CEN. (2005), European Committee for Standardization , Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures, Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions, Brussels.
7 Dados, J.N., Fragos, V.P., Ntinas, G.K., Papoutsi-Psychoudaki, S. and Nikita-Martzopoulou, C. (2011), "Numerical simulation of airflow over two successive tunnel greenhouses", Int. Agrophysics, 25(4), 333-342.
8 European Commission website on the Eurocodes, URL link (accessed: 7 December 2011): http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpage.php?id=31.
9 Fragos, V.P., Psychoudaki, S.P. and Malamataris, N.A. (1997), "Computer-aided analysis of flow past a surfacemounted obstacle", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fl., 25(5), 495-512.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Ginger, J.D. and Holmes, J.D. (2003), "Effect of building length on wind loads on low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 91(11), 1377-1400.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Guirguis, N.M., Abd El-Aziz, A.A. and Nassief, M.M. (2007), "Study of wind effects on different buildings of pitched roofs", Desalination, 209(1-3), 190-198.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Hong, Y.J., Hsieh, S.S. and Shih, H.J. (1991), "Numerical computation of laminar separation and reattachment of flow over surface mounted ribs", J. Fluid. Eng. - T. ASME, 113(2), 190-198.   DOI
13 John, V. and Liakos, A. (2006), "Time-dependent flow across a step: the slip with friction boundary condition", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fl., 50(6), 713-731.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Kotsopoulos, T.A. and Martzopoulou, A.G. (2007), "Modern tendency of livestock buildings design in Greece and their effect on the environment", (Eds. Kungolos, A., Aravossis, K., Karagiannidis, A. and Samaras, P. ), Proceedings of the SECOTOX Conference and the International Conference on Environmental Management Engineering, Planning and Economics, GRAFIMA, Skiathos, Greece, 2533-2538.
15 Kozmar, H. (2011), "Wind-tunnel simulations of the suburban ABL and comparison with international standards", Wind Struct., 14(1), 15-34.   DOI
16 LME, London Metal Exchange, URL link (accessed: 7 December 2011): http://www.lme.com/ steel/steel_ price_graphs.asp.
17 Lopes, M.F.P., Paixao Conde, J.M., Gloria Gomes, M. and Ferreira, J.G. (2010), "Numerical calculation of the wind action on buildings using Eurocode 1 atmospheric boundary layer velocity profiles", Wind Struct., 13(6), 487-498.   DOI
18 Malamataris, N.A. (1991), Computed-aided analysis of flows on moving and unbounded domains: phase-change fronts and liquid leveling, University of Michigan.
19 Nikita - Martzopoulou, C. (2007), "New trends in animal housing in Greece: greenhouse type livestock buildings, animal housing in hot climate", CIGR, Cairo, Egypt, 115-116.
20 Mistriotis, A. and Briassoulis, D. (2002), "Numerical estimation of the internal and external aerodynamic coefficients of a tunnel greenhouse structure with openings",Comput. Electron. Agr., 34(1-3), 191-205.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Norton, T., Grant, J., Fallon, R. and Sun, D.W. (2009), "Assessing the ventilation effectiveness of naturally ventilated livestock buildings under wind dominated conditions using computational fluid dynamics", Biosyst. Eng., 103(1), 78-99.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Papanastasiou, T.C., Malamataris, N. and Ellwood, K. (1992), "A new outflow boundary- condition", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fl., 14(5), 587-608.   DOI
23 Psychoudaki, S.P., Laskos, V.N. and Fragos, V.P. (2005), "Numerical analysis of a Viscous Flow over a mounted Parabolic Body", IASME Transactions, 2, 1207-1216.
24 Reichrath, S. and Davies, T.W. (2002), "Computational fluid dynamics simulations and validation of the pressure distribution on the roof of a commercial multi-span Venlo-type glasshouse", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90(3), 139-149.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Robertson, A.P., Roux, P., Gratraud, J., Scarascia, G., Castellano, S., de Virel, M.D. and Palier, P. (2002), "Wind pressures on permeably and impermeably-clad structures", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90(4-5), 461-474.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Shklyar, A. and Arbel, A. (2004), "Numerical model of the three-dimensional isothermal flow patterns and mass fluxes in a pitched-roof greenhouse", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 92(12), 1039-1059.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Tieleman, H.W. (2003), "Wind tunnel simulation of wind loading on low-rise structures: a review", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 91(12-15), 1627-1649.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Wright, N.G. and Easom, G.J. (2003), "Non-linear k-epsilon turbulence model results for flow over a building at full-scale", Appl. Math. Model, 27(12), 1013-1033.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Zienkiewicz, O.C., Taylor, R.L. and Nithiarasu, P. (2006), Finite element method for fluid dynamics, 6th, Elsevier.