1 |
Rossetto, T. and Peiris, N. (2009), "Observations of damage Kashmir earthquake of October, 8, 2005 and study of the current seismic provisions for buildings in Pakistan", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 7(3), 681-699.
DOI
|
2 |
Saeed, H.Z., Khan, Q.U.Z., Ahmed, A., Ali, S.M., Iqbal, M. (2015), "Experimental and finite element investigation of strengthened LSC bridge piers under quasi-static cyclic load test", Compos. Struct., 131, 556-564.
DOI
|
3 |
Seismic Design Criteria (SDC), CALTRANS specifications (2006), California state department for transportation, 1.4, California.
|
4 |
SeismoMatch (2014), An application capable of adjusting earthquake accelerograms to a target response spectrum, version 2.1.4, Earthquake Engineering Software Solutions, Pavia, Italy. http://www.seismosoft.com/seismomatch.
|
5 |
Spacone, E., Filippou, F.C. and Taucer, F.F. (1996), "Fiber beamcolumn model for non-linear analysis of R/C Frames: Part I. Formulation", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 25(7), 711-725.
DOI
|
6 |
Stefanidou, P.S. and Kappos, J.A. (2016), "Methodology for the development of bridge-specific fragility curves", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 46(1), 73-93.
|
7 |
Tavares, D.H., Padgeit, J.E. and Paultre, P. (2012), "Fragility curves of typical as built bridges in eastern Canada", Eng. Struct., 40, 107-118.
DOI
|
8 |
Tortolini, P., Marcantonio, P.R., Petrangeli, M. and Lupoi, A. (2011), "Criteri per la verifica e la sostituzione degli appoggi in neoprene di viadotti esistenti in zona sismica", Proceedings of the 14th ANIDIS Conference, Bari, Italy.
|
9 |
Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C.A. (2002), "Incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31, 491-514.
DOI
|
10 |
AASTHO-LRFD (2012), Bridge Design and Specifications, Washington, D. C., American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials.
|
11 |
Ahmad, N., Ali, Q. and Umar, M. (2012a), "Simplified engineering tools for seismic analysis and design of traditional Dhajji-Dewari structures", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 10(5), 1503-1534.
DOI
|
12 |
Ali, S.M., Rahaman, S., Shakal, A. and Khan, A.N. (2008), "Establishment of strong motion instrumentation program and shake table test on reinforced concrete bridge column", J. Himalayan Earth Sci., 41, 61-69.
|
13 |
Ahmad, N., Ali, Q. and Umar, M. (2013), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of multistorey timber braced frame traditional masonry structures", Adv. Mater. Res., 601, 168-172.
|
14 |
Ahmad, N., Ali, Q., Ashraf, M., Alam, B. and Naeem, A. (2012b), "Seismic vulnerability of the Himalayan half-dressed rubble stone masonry structures, experimental and analytical studies", Nat. Hazard. Earth Syst. Sci., 12(11), 3441-3454.
DOI
|
15 |
Ahmad, N., Ali, Q., Crowley, H. and Pinho, R. (2014), "Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Pakistan", Nat. Hazard., 73(3), 1889-1955.
DOI
|
16 |
Ali, S.M. (2009), "A study on energy dissipation of RC bridge column under seismic demand", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Engineering and Technology. Peshawar.
|
17 |
Ali, S.M., Khan A.N., Rahman, S. and Reinhorn, A.M. (2011), "A survey of damages to bridges in Pakistan after the major earthquake of 8 October 2005", Earthq. Spectra, 27(4), 947-970.
DOI
|
18 |
Aviram, A., Mackie, R.K. and Stojadinovic, B. (2008), "Guidelines for non-linear analysis of bridge structures in California", Research Report no. UCB/2008 (03); Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre.
|
19 |
Avsar, O. and Yakut, A. (2012), "Seismic vulnerability assessment criteria for RC ordinary highway bridges in Turkey", Struct. Eng. Mech., 43(1), 127-145.
DOI
|
20 |
Bilham, R. (2004), "Earthquakes in India and in the himalaya: tectonic, geodesy, and history", Ann. Geophys., 47, 839-858.
|
21 |
Zaman, S., Ornthammarath, T. and Warnitchai, P. (2012), "Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for Pakistan", Proceeding of 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
|
22 |
Building Code of Pakistan (1986), Seismic provisions for building code of Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
|
23 |
Building Code of Pakistan (2007), Seismic provisions for building code of Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
|
24 |
Cardone, D., Perrone, G. and Sofia, S. (2011), "A performance based adaptive methodology for the seismic evaluation of multispan simply supported deck bridges", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 9(5), 1463-1498.
DOI
|
25 |
Waseem, M. (2016), "Seismic hazard and vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete bridges in northern Pakistan", Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Engineering and Geology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
|
26 |
Yazdani, N., Eddy, S. and Cai, S.C. (2000), "Effect of bearing pads on precast pre-stressed concrete bridges", J. Bridge Eng., ASCE, 224-232.
|
27 |
Estimated population of Pakistan (2015), Pakistan Economic Survey Report (PESR), Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.
|
28 |
Choi, E., DesRoches, R. and Nielson, B. (2004), "Seismic fragility of typical bridges in moderate seismic zones", Eng. Struct., 26(2), 187-199.
DOI
|
29 |
Der Kiureghian, A. (2005), First- and Second-order Reliability Methods, Nikolaidis, E., Ghiocel, D.M., Singhal, S. Engineering Design Reliability Handbook, CRC Press LLC, Chapter 14.
|
30 |
EC-8 (2003), Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance-Part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, European committee for standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
|
31 |
FEMA 356 (2000), Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
|
32 |
Filippou, F.C., Popov, E.P. and Bertero, V.V. (1983), "Effects of Bond Deterioration on Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Joints", Report no. EERC 83-19; Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley
|
33 |
Khan, R.A., Mukesh, K., Ahmed, M., Rafi, M.M. and Lohi, S.H. (2015), "Earthquake damage assessment of bridges in Karachi", NED J. Res. Struct. Mech., 22(3), 45-67.
|
34 |
Hashash, M.A.Y., Byungmin, K., Olson, S.M. and Ahmad, I. (2012), "Seismic hazard analysis using discrete faults in northwestern Pakistan: Part II-results of seismic hazard analysis", J. Earthq. Eng., 16(8), 1161-1183.
DOI
|
35 |
Iqbal, M., Khan, Q.U.Z., Ali, S.M. and Alam, B. (2012), "Seismic capacity of retrofitted low-strength bridge piers", J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 31(1), 13-24.
|
36 |
Khan, Q.U.Z., Fiaz, T,M., Ahmed, A. and Iqbal, M. (2015), "Seismic evaluation of repaired and retrofitted circular bridge piers of low-strength concrete", Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 40(11), 3057-3066.
DOI
|
37 |
MIDAS CIVIL (2015), Integrated Solution System for Bridges and Civil Engineering, MIDAS Engineering Software. http://en.midasuser.com.
|
38 |
Kircher, A.C., Nasser, A.A., Kustu, O. and Holmes, T.W. (1997), "Development of building damage functions for earthquake loss estimation", Earthq. Spectra, 13(4), 663-682.
DOI
|
39 |
Mander, J., Priestley, M. and Park, R. (1988), "Theoretical stressstrain model for confined concrete", J. Struct. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Eng., 114, 1804-1826.
|
40 |
Menegotto, M. and Pinto, P.E. (1973), "Method of analysis of cyclically loaded RC plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements under normal force and bending", Report no. IABSE.
|
41 |
Mirza, O., Kaewunruen, S. and Galia, G. (2016), "Seismic vulnerability analysis of Bankstown's West Terrace railway bridge", Struct. Eng. Mech., 57(3), 569-585.
DOI
|
42 |
Monalisa, Khwaja, A.A. and Jan, M.Q. (2007), "Seismic hazard assessment of NW Himalayan thrust and fold belt, Pakistan, using probabilistic approach", J. Earthq. Eng., 11(2), 257-301.
DOI
|
43 |
Mosleh, A., Razzaghi, S.M., Jara, J. and Varum, H. (2016), "Development of fragility curves for RC bridges subjected to reverse and strike-slip Seismic sources", Earthq. Struct., 11(3), 517-538.
DOI
|
44 |
Nielson, G.B. (2005), "Analytical fragility curves for highway bridges in moderate seismic zone", Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
|
45 |
Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F. and Calvi, G.M. (1996), Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
|
46 |
Rafi, Z., Lindholm, C., Bungum, H., Laghari, A. and Ahmed, N. (2012), "Probabilistic seismic hazard map of Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir", Nat. Hazard., 61(3), 1317-1354.
DOI
|