Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.13104/imri.2021.25.4.281

Cranial Nerve Disorders: Clinical Application of High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques  

Lee, Ji Ye (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Park, Hye Min (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Lee, Boeun (Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine)
Kim, Ji-hoon (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging / v.25, no.4, 2021 , pp. 281-292 More about this Journal
Abstract
Cranial-nerve disorders can be caused by a wide spectrum of diseases, including congenital, inflammatory, and tumorous diseases, and are often encountered in practice. However, the imaging of cranial-nerve disorders is challenging, and understanding the anatomical differences of each region is essential for conducting the best protocols and for detecting subtle changes in cranial nerves during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. In this review we discuss which MRI techniques are best for observing normal and pathologic appearance, according to the different regions of the cranial nerves.
Keywords
Magnetic resonance imaging; Cranial nerve; Skull base; High-resolution imaging; fluid-attenuated inversion recovery;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Seo M, Choi Y, Lee S, et al. Diagnostic value of susceptibility-weighted MRI in differentiating cerebellopontine angle schwannoma from meningioma. Investig Magn Reson Imaging 2020;24:38-45   DOI
2 Yousry I, Camelio S, Schmid UD, et al. Visualization of cranial nerves I-XII: value of 3D CISS and T2-weighted FSE sequences. Eur Radiol 2000;10:1061-1067   DOI
3 Touska P, Connor SEJ. Recent advances in MRI of the head and neck, skull base and cranial nerves: new and evolving sequences, analyses and clinical applications. Br J Radiol 2019;92:20190513   DOI
4 Connor SEJ, Dudau C, Pai I, Gaganasiou M. Is CT or MRI the optimal imaging investigation for the diagnosis of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome and large endolymphatic sac anomaly? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019;276:693-702   DOI
5 Isaacson B, Booth T, Kutz JW Jr, Lee KH, Roland PS. Labyrinthitis ossificans: how accurate is MRI in predicting cochlear obstruction? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009;140:692-696   DOI
6 Hughes MA, Branstetter BF, Taylor CT, et al. MRI findings in patients with a history of failed prior microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: how to image and where to look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:768-773   DOI
7 Sivarasan N, Touska P, Murdin L, Connor S. MRI findings in vestibular paroxysmia - an observational study. J Vestib Res 2019;29:137-145   DOI
8 Kim JH, Hwang JM. Usefulness of MR imaging in children without characteristic clinical findings of Duane's retraction syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:702-705
9 Williams LS, Schmalfuss IM, Sistrom CL, et al. MR imaging of the trigeminal ganglion, nerve, and the perineural vascular plexus: normal appearance and variants with correlation to cadaver specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1317-1323
10 Yagi A, Sato N, Taketomi A, et al. Normal cranial nerves in the cavernous sinuses: contrast-enhanced three-dimensional constructive interference in the steady state MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:946-950
11 Gebarski SS, Telian SA, Niparko JK. Enhancement along the normal facial nerve in the facial canal: MR imaging and anatomic correlation. Radiology 1992;183:391-394   DOI
12 Byun H, Chung JH, Lee SH, Park CW, Park DW, Kim TY. Clinical value of 4-hour delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR MR images in acute vestibular neuritis. Laryngoscope 2018;128:1946-1951   DOI
13 Deliganis AV, Fisher DJ, Lam AM, Maravilla KR. Cerebrospinal fluid signal intensity increase on FLAIR MR images in patients under general anesthesia: the role of supplemental O2. Radiology 2001;218:152-156   DOI
14 Maeda M, Tsuchida C. "Ivy sign" on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery images in childhood moyamoya disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1836-1838
15 Naganawa S, Koshikawa T, Nakamura T, et al. Comparison of flow artifacts between 2D-FLAIR and 3D-FLAIR sequences at 3 T. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1901-1908
16 Venkatasamy A, Huynh TT, Wohlhuter N, et al. Superior vestibular neuritis: improved detection using FLAIR sequence with delayed enhancement (1 h). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019;276:3309-3316   DOI
17 Gao Z, Chi FL. The clinical value of three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol 2014;35:1730-1735   DOI
18 Lim HK, Lee JH, Hyun D, et al. MR diagnosis of facial neuritis: diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced 3D-FLAIR technique compared with contrast-enhanced 3D-T1-fast-field echo with fat suppression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:779-783   DOI
19 Chung MS, Lee JH, Kim DY, et al. The clinical significance of findings obtained on 3D-FLAIR MR imaging in patients with Ramsay-Hunt syndrome. Laryngoscope 2015;125:950-955   DOI
20 Lee B, Lee JH, Lim YM, et al. High-resolution MR imaging of cranial neuropathy in patients with anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2021;423:117380   DOI
21 Nakashima T, Naganawa S, Sugiura M, et al. Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere's disease. Laryngoscope 2007;117:415-420   DOI
22 Choi BS, Kim JH, Jung C, Hwang JM. High-resolution 3D MR imaging of the trochlear nerve. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:1076-1079   DOI
23 Romano N, Federici M, Castaldi A. Imaging of cranial nerves: a pictorial overview. Insights Imaging 2019;10:33   DOI
24 Kim HJ, Seong M, Kim Y. Normal anatomy of cranial nerves III-XII on magnetic resonance imaging. J Korean Soc Radiol 2020;81:501-529   DOI
25 Kim TK, Kim HY, Yu IK, Son H-j, Chang DS, Jang YD. Schwannoma of the tongue base with imaging features and differential diagnosis: a rare case report and literature review. Investig Magn Reson Imaging 2019;23:385-389   DOI
26 Sheth S, Branstetter BF 4th, Escott EJ. Appearance of normal cranial nerves on steady-state free precession MR images. Radiographics 2009;29:1045-1055   DOI
27 Hughes MA, Frederickson AM, Branstetter BF, Zhu X, Sekula RF Jr. MRI of the trigeminal nerve in patients with trigeminal neuralgia secondary to vascular compression. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;206:595-600   DOI
28 Blitz AM, Choudhri AF, Chonka ZD, et al. Anatomic considerations, nomenclature, and advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques for visualization of the cranial nerve segments by MR imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2014;24:1-15   DOI
29 Casselman J, Mermuys K, Delanote J, Ghekiere J, Coenegrachts K. MRI of the cranial nerves--more than meets the eye: technical considerations and advanced anatomy. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2008;18:197-231, preceding x   DOI
30 Reinshagen KL, Curtin HD, Quesnel AM, Juliano AF. Measurement for detection of incomplete partition type II anomalies on MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:2003-2007   DOI
31 Zaitsev M, Maclaren J, Herbst M. Motion artifacts in MRI: a complex problem with many partial solutions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015;42:887-901   DOI
32 Petr J, Kybic J, Bock M, Muller S, Hlavac V. Parallel image reconstruction using B-spline approximation (PROBER). Magn Reson Med 2007;58:582-591   DOI
33 Suh CH, Jung SC, Lee HB, Cho SJ. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging using compressed sensing for intracranial and extracranial arteries: comparison with conventional parallel imaging. Korean J Radiol 2019;20:487-497   DOI
34 Cho SJ, Choi YJ, Chung SR, Lee JH, Baek JH. High-resolution MRI using compressed sensing-sensitivity encoding (CS-SENSE) for patients with suspected neurovascular compression syndrome: comparison with the conventional SENSE parallel acquisition technique. Clin Radiol 2019;74:817 e819-817 e814
35 Tsao J, Kozerke S. MRI temporal acceleration techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;36:543-560   DOI
36 Moon WJ, Roh HG, Chung EC. Detailed MR imaging anatomy of the cisternal segments of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves in the posterior fossa: the use of 3D balanced fast-field echo MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:1116-1120   DOI
37 Toledano-Massiah S, Sayadi A, de Boer R, et al. Accuracy of the compressed sensing accelerated 3D-FLAIR sequence for the detection of MS plaques at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:454-458   DOI
38 Eichinger P, Hock A, Schon S, et al. Acceleration of double inversion recovery sequences in multiple sclerosis with compressed sensing. Invest Radiol 2019;54:319-324   DOI
39 Walton J, Gibson WP, Sanli H, Prelog K. Predicting cochlear implant outcomes in children with auditory neuropathy. Otol Neurotol 2008;29:302-309   DOI
40 Aja-Fernandez S, Vegas-Sanchez-Ferrero G, Tristan-Vega A. Noise estimation in parallel MRI: GRAPPA and SENSE. Magn Reson Imaging 2014;32:281-290   DOI
41 Ahn SS, Kim J, An C, et al. Preoperative imaging evaluation of head and neck cancer: comparison of 2D spin-echo and 3D THRIVE MRI techniques with resected tumours. Clin Radiol 2012;67:e98-e104   DOI
42 Tamplen M, Schwalje A, Lustig L, Alemi AS, Miller ME. Utility of preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in adult and pediatric cochlear implant candidates. Laryngoscope 2016;126:1440-1445   DOI
43 Chavhan GB, Babyn PS, Jankharia BG, Cheng HL, Shroff MM. Steady-state MR imaging sequences: physics, classification, and clinical applications. Radiographics 2008;28:1147-1160   DOI
44 Ciftci E, Anik Y, Arslan A, Akansel G, Sarisoy T, Demirci A. Driven equilibrium (drive) MR imaging of the cranial nerves V-VIII: comparison with the T2-weighted 3D TSE sequence. Eur J Radiol 2004;51:234-240   DOI
45 Kojima S, Suzuki K, Hirata M, Shinohara H, Ueno E. Depicting the semicircular canals with inner-ear MRI: a comparison of the SPACE and TrueFISP sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;37:652-659   DOI
46 Lane JI, Witte RJ, Bolster B, Bernstein MA, Johnson K, Morris J. State of the art: 3T imaging of the membranous labyrinth. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1436-1440   DOI
47 Salzman KL, Childs AM, Davidson HC, Kennedy RJ, Shelton C, Harnsberger HR. Intralabyrinthine schwannomas: imaging diagnosis and classification. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:104-109   DOI
48 Haller S, Etienne L, Kovari E, Varoquaux AD, Urbach H, Becker M. Imaging of neurovascular compression syndromes: trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, vestibular paroxysmia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37:1384-1392   DOI
49 Holmes JM, Mutyala S, Maus TL, Grill R, Hodge DO, Gray DT. Pediatric third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:388-392   DOI
50 Blitz AM, Macedo LL, Chonka ZD, et al. High-resolution CISS MR imaging with and without contrast for evaluation of the upper cranial nerves: segmental anatomy and selected pathologic conditions of the cisternal through extraforaminal segments. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2014;24:17-34   DOI
51 Kinoshita T, Ishii K, Okitsu T, Okudera T, Ogawa T. Facial nerve palsy: evaluation by contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Clin Radiol 2001;56:926-932   DOI
52 Barkhof F, Pouwels PJ, Wattjes MP. The Holy Grail in diagnostic neuroradiology: 3T or 3D? Eur Radiol 2011;21:449-456   DOI
53 Mugler JP 3rd. Optimized three-dimensional fast-spin-echo MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;39:745-767   DOI
54 Kato Y, Higano S, Tamura H, et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip angle evolutions in detection of small brain metastasis at 3T MR imaging: comparison with magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:923-929   DOI
55 Fukuoka H, Hirai T, Okuda T, et al. Comparison of the added value of contrast-enhanced 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo sequences in relation to conventional postcontrast T1-weighted images for the evaluation of leptomeningeal diseases at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:868-873   DOI
56 Barath K, Schuknecht B, Naldi AM, Schrepfer T, Bockisch CJ, Hegemann SC. Detection and grading of endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere disease using MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:1387-1392   DOI
57 Attye A, Eliezer M, Boudiaf N, et al. MRI of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere's disease: a case-controlled study with a simplified classification based on saccular morphology. Eur Radiol 2017;27:3138-3146   DOI
58 Hong HS, Yi BH, Cha JG, et al. Enhancement pattern of the normal facial nerve at 3.0 T temporal MRI. Br J Radiol 2010;83:118-121   DOI
59 Fujii H, Fujita A, Kanazawa H, Sung E, Sakai O, Sugimoto H. Localization of parotid gland tumors in relation to the intraparotid facial nerve on 3D double-echo steady-state with water excitation sequence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019;40:1037-1042   DOI
60 Kallmes DF, Hui FK, Mugler JP 3rd. Suppression of cerebrospinal fluid and blood flow artifacts in FLAIR MR imaging with a single-slab three-dimensional pulse sequence: initial experience. Radiology 2001;221:251-255   DOI
61 Naganawa S, Kawai H, Taoka T, et al. Heavily T(2)-weighted 3D-FLAIR improves the detection of cochlear lymph fluid signal abnormalities in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Magn Reson Med Sci 2016;15:203-211   DOI
62 Fujii H, Fujita A, Yang A, et al. Visualization of the peripheral branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve on 3D double-echo steady-state with water excitation sequence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:1333-1337   DOI
63 Qin Y, Zhang J, Li P, Wang Y. 3D double-echo steady-state with water excitation MR imaging of the intraparotid facial nerve at 1.5T: a pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1167-1172   DOI
64 Chu J, Zhou Z, Hong G, et al. High-resolution MRI of the intraparotid facial nerve based on a microsurface coil and a 3D reversed fast imaging with steady-state precession DWI sequence at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1643-1648   DOI
65 Naganawa S, Ishihara S, Satake H, Kawai H, Sone M, Nakashima T. Simultaneous three-dimensional visualization of the intra-parotid facial nerve and parotid duct using a three-dimensional reversed FISP sequence with diffusion weighting. Magn Reson Med Sci 2010;9:153-158   DOI
66 Eliezer M, Maquet C, Horion J, et al. Detection of intralabyrinthine abnormalities using post-contrast delayed 3D-FLAIR MRI sequences in patients with acute vestibular syndrome. Eur Radiol 2019;29:2760-2769   DOI
67 Lee JW, Park YA, Park SM, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss secondary to intralabyrinthine hemorrhage. J Audiol Otol 2016;20:31-35   DOI