Browse > Article

The Use of Stem Cells as Medical Therapy  

Son Eun-Hwa (Dept. of Pharmacognosy Material Development, Samcheok National University)
Pyo Suhkneung (Division of Immunopharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University)
Publication Information
KSBB Journal / v.20, no.1, 2005 , pp. 1-11 More about this Journal
Abstract
Recently, there has been extremely active in the research of stem cell biology. Stem cells have excellent potential for being the ultimate source of transplantable cells for many different tissues. Researchers hope to use stem cells to repair or replace diseased or damaged organs, leading to new treatments for human disorders that are currently incurable, including diabetes, spinal cord injury and brain diseases. There are primary sources of stem cells like embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Stem cells from embryos were known to give rise to every type of cell. However, embryonic stem cells still have a lot of disadvantages. First, transplanted cells sometimes grow into tumors. Second, the human embryonic stem cells that are available for research would be rejected by a patient's immune system. Tissue-matched transplants could be made by either creating a bank of stem cells from more human embryos, or by cloning a patient's DNA into existing stem cells to customize them. However, this is laborious and ethically contentious. These problems could be overcome by using adult stem cells, taken from a patient, that are treated to remove problems and then put back. Nevertheless, some researchers do not convince that adult stem cells could, like embryonic ones, make every tissue type. Human stem cell research holds enormous potential for contributing to our understanding of fundamental human biology. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in stem cell research and the future therapeutic applications.
Keywords
Stem cell; embryonic stem cell; adult stem cell; mesenchymal stem cell; medical therapy;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Reubinoff, B. E., Pera, M. F., Fong, C. Y., Trounson, A. and A. Bongso (2000) Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro, Nat. Biotechnol., 18, 399-404   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Low, W. C., Largaespada, D. A. and C. M. Verfaillie (2002), Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow, Nature, 418, 41-49   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Verfaillie, C. M. (2002), Adult stem cells: Assessing the case for pluripotency, Trends Cell Biol. 12, 502-508   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
4 Alison, M. R., Poulsom, R., Otto, W. R., Vig, P., Brittan, M., Direkze, N. C., Preston, S. L. and N. A. Wright (2003), Plastic adult stem cells: Will they graduate from the school of hard knocks? J. Cell Sci. 116, 599-603   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Palmer, T., Schwartz, P. H., Taupin, P., Kaspar, B., Stein, S. A. and F. H. Gage (2001), Progenitor cells from human brain after death, Nature, 411, 42-43   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
6 Luckett, W. P. (1975), The development of primordial and defmitive amniotic cavities in early Rhesus monkey and human embryos, J. Anat. 144, 149-167   DOI   ScienceOn
7 O'Rahilly, R. and F. Muller (1992), Human embryology and teratology, Wiley-Liss, New York
8 Burdon, T., Smith, A. and P. Savatier (2002), Signalling, cell cycle and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells, Trend Cell BioI. 12, 432   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Assady, S., Maor, G., Amit, M., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Skorecki, K. L. and M. Tzukerman (2001), Insulin production by human embryonic stem cells, Diabetes, 50, 1691-1697   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Reubinoff, B. E., Itsykson, P., Turetsky, T., Pera, M. F., Reinhattz, E., Itzik, A. and T. Ben-Hur (2001), Neural progenitors from human embryonic stem cells, Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 1134-1140   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Kodama, S., Kuhtreiber, W., Fujimura, S., Dale, E. A. and D. L. Faustman (2003), Islet regeneration during the reversal of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, Science, 302, 1223-1227   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
12 Shake, J. G. (2002), Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: engraftrnent and functional effects, Ann. Thorac. Surg. 73, 1919-1925   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Xu, R. H., Chen, X., Li, D. S., Li, R., Addicks, G. C., Glennon, C., Zwaka, T. P. and J. A. Thomson (2002), BMP4 initiates human embryonic stem cell differentiation to trophoblast, Nature Biotechnol. 20, 1261-1264   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Levenberg, S., Golub, J. S., Amit, M., Itskovitz-Eldor, J. and R. Langer (2002), Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 4391-4396
15 Draper, J. S. (2002), Surface antigens of human embryonic stem cells: changes upon differentiation in culture, J. Anat., 200, 249-258   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Rubinstein, P. (2001), HLA matching for bone marrow transplantation ? how much is enough? N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 1842-1844   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Tada, M. (2001), Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells by in vitro hybridization with ES cells, Curr. BioI. 11, 1553-1558   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Sykes, M. (2001), Mixed chimerism and ttansplant tolerance. Immunity, 14, 417-424   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
19 Grant, M. B., May, W. S., Caballero, S., Brown, G. A., Guthrie, S. M., Mames, R. N., Byrne, B. J., Vaught, T., Spoerri, P. E., Peck, A. B. and E. W. Scott, (2002), Adult hematopoietic stem cells provide functional hemangioblast activity during retinal neovascularization, Nat. Med., 8, 607-612   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Bjornson, C., Rietze, R. L., Reynolds, B. A., Magli, M. C. and A. L. Vescovi (1999), Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo, Science, 283, 354-357
21 Shih, C. C., Weng, Y., Mamelak, A., LeBon, T., Hu, M. C. and S. J. Forman (2001), Identification of a candidate human neurohematopoietic stem-cell population, Blood, 98, 2412-2422   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Larochelle, A., Vormoor, J., Hanenberg, H., Wang, J. C., Bhatia, M., Lapidot, T., Moritz, T., Murdoch, B., Xiao, X. L., Kato, I., Williams, D. A. and J. E. Dick (1996), Identification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating NOD/SCID mouse bone marrow: implications for gene therapy, Nat. Med., 2, 1329-1337   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Shih, C. C., Weng. Y., Mamelak, A., Lebon, T., Hu, M. C. and S. J. Forman (2001), Identification of a candidate human neurohematopoietic stem-cell population, Blood, 98, 2412-2422   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Sanchez-Ramos, J. R. (2002), Neural cells derived from adult bone marrow and wnbilical cord blood, J. Neurosci. Res. 69, 880-893   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
25 Barry, F. P. (2003), Biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells, Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today, 69, 250-256   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Greider, C. (1998), Telomeres and senescence: the history, the experiment, the future, Curr. Biol. 8, 178-181   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Starr, R., Novak, U., Willson, T. A., Inglese, M., Murphy, V., Alexander, W. S., Metcalf, D., Nicola, N. A., Hilton, D. J. and M. Ernst (1997), Distinct roles for leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha-chain and gp130 in cell type-specific signal transduction, J. Biol Chem. 272, 19982-19986   DOI   ScienceOn
28 McKinney-Freeman, S. L., Jackson, K. A., Camargo, F. D., Ferrari, G., Mavilio, F. and M. A. Goodell (2002), Muscle-derived hematopoietic stem cells are hematopoietic in origin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 1341-1346
29 Pittenger, M. F., Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., Jaiswal, R. K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J. D., Moorman, M. A., Simonetti, D. W., Craig, S. and D. R. Marshak (1999), Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells, Science, 284, 143-147   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
30 Eiges, R. (2001), Establishment of human embryonic stem cell transfected clones carrying a marker for undifferentiated cells, Curr. BioI. 11, 514-518   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Braude, P., Bolton, V. and S. Moore (1988), Human gene expression first occurs between the four-and eight-cell stages of preimplantation development, Nature, 332, 459-461   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Munnnery, C., Ward, D., van den Brink, C. E., Bird, S. D., Doevendans, P. A., Opthof, T., Brutel de la Riviere, A., Tertoolen, L., van der Heyden, M. and M. Pera (2002), Cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. J. Anat. 200, 233-242   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Lanzendorf, S. E. (2002), Human Gametes Obtained from Anonymous Donors for the Production of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines, Obst. Gynecol Surv. 57, 34-35   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Woodbury, D. Schwarz, E. J., Prockop, D. J. and I. B. Black (2000), Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons, J. Neurosci. Res., 61, 364 - 370   DOI   ScienceOn
35 McKay, R. (1997), Stem cells in the central nervous system, Science, 276, 66-71   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
36 Murphy, J. M., Fink, D. J., Hunziker, E. B. and F. P. Barry (2003), Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum. 48, 3464-3474   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Zhang, S. C., Wemig, M., Duncan, I. D., Brustle, O. and J. A. Thomson (2001), In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells, Nat. Biotechnol., 19, 1129-1133   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Chambers, I., Colby, D., Robertson, M., Nichols, J., Lee, S., Tweedie, S. and A. Smith (2003), Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells, Cell, 113, 643-655   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Woodbury, D., Reynolds, K. and I. B. Black (2002), Adult bone marrow stromal stem cells express germline, ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal genes prior to neurogenesis, J. Neurosci. Res. 69, 908-917   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Wakitani, S., Takaoka, K., Hattori, T., Miyazawa, N., Iwanaga, T., Takeda, S., Watanabe, T. K. and A. Tanigarni (2003), Embryonic stem cells injected into the mouse knee joint form teratomas and subsequently destroy the joint, Rheumatology, 42, 162-165   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Jackson, K Majka, S. M., Wang, H., Pocius, J., Hartley, C. J., Majesky, M. W., Entman, M, L., Michael, L. H., Hirschi, K K. and M. A. Goodell (2001), Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells, J Clin. Invest., 107, 1395-1402   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Pittenger, M. F. Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., Jaiswal, R. K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J. D., Moorman, M. A., Simonetti, D. W., Craig, S. and D. R. Marshak (1999), Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells, Science, 284, 143-147   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
43 Shen, C. N., Slack, J. M. and D. Tosh (2000), Molecular basis of transdifferentiation of pancreas to liver, Nat. Cell Biol., 2, 879-887   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Kopen, G., Prockop, D. J. and D. G.Phinney (1999), Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 10711-10716
45 Yang, L., Li, S., Hatch, H., Ahrens, K., Cornelius, J. G., Petersen, B. E. and A. B. Peck (2002), In vitro trans-differentiationof adult hepatic stem cells into pancreatic endocrine hormone-producing cells. Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 8078-8083
46 Lagasse, E., Connors, H., Al-Dhalimy, M., Reitsma, M., Dobse, M., Osborne, L., Wang, X., Finegold M., Weissman I. L. and M. Grompe (2000), Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo, Nat. Med., 6, 1229-1234   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Orlic, D., Kajstura, J., Chimenti, S., Jakoniuk, I., Anderson, S. M., Li, B., Pickel, J., McKay, R., Nadal-Ginard, B., Bodine, D. M., Leri, A. and P. Anversa (2001), Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium, Nature, 410, 701-705   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Jiang, Y., Jahagirdar, B. N., Reinhardt, R. L., Schwartz, R. E., Keene, C. D., Ortiz-Gonzalez, X. R, Reyes, M., Lenvik, T., Lund, T., Blackstad, M., Du, J., Aldrich, S., Lisberg, A., Low, W. C., Largaespada, D. A. and C. M. Verfaillie (2002), Plutipotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow, Nature, 418, 41-49   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Kim, J. H., Auerbach, J. M., Rodriguez-Gomez, J. A., Velasco, I., Gavin, D., Lumelsky, N., Lee, S. H., Nguyen, J., Sanchez-Pemaute, R., Bankiewicz, K. and R. McKay (2002), Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, Nature, 418, 50-56   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Martin, G. R. (1981), Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 7634 - 7638
51 Clarke, D. L., Johansson, C. B., Wilbertz, J., Veress, B., Nilsson, E, Karlstrom, H., Lendahl, U. and J. Frisen (2000), Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells, Science 288, 1660-1663   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
52 Erices, A., Conger, P., and J. J. Minguell (2000), Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood, Brit. J. Haemato. 109, 235-242   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Kaufman, D. S., Hanson, E. T., Lewis, R. L., Auerbach, R. and J. A. Thomson (2001), Hematopoietic colony- forming cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10716-10721
54 Fandrich, F. (2002), Preimplantation-stage stem cells induce longterm allogeneic graft acceptance without supplementary host conditioning, Nat. Med. 8, 171-178   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Ferrari, G., Cusella-De Angelis, G., Coletta, M., Paolucci, E, Stomaiuolo, A., Cossu, G. and F. Mavilio (1998), Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors, Science, 279, 1528-1530   DOI   PUBMED
56 Brazelton, T. R., Rossi, F. M., Keshet, G. I. and H. M. Blau (2000), From marrow to brain: expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice, Science, 290, 1775-1779   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
57 Itskovitz-Eldor, J. (2000), Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies comprising the three embryonic germ layers, Mol. Med. 6, 88-95
58 Schuldiner, M., Yanuka, O., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Melton, D. A. and N. Benvenisty (2000), Effects of eight growth factors on the differentiation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 11307-11312
59 Drukker, M. (2002), Characterization of the expression of MHC proteins in human embryonic stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 9864-9869
60 Krause, D. S., Theise, N. D., Collector, M. I., Henegariu, O., Hwang, S., Gardner, R., Neutzel, S. and S. J., Sharkis (2001), Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftrnent by a single bonemarrow-derived stem cell, Cell, 105, 369-377   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Gage, F. H. (2000), Mammalian neural stem cells, Science 287, 1433-1438   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
62 Xu, C., Police, S., Rao, N. and M. K. Carpenter (2002), Characterization and enrichment of cardiomyoctes derived from human embryonic stem cells, Circ. Res. 91, 501-508   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Spangrude, G. J., Heimfeld, S. and I. L. Weissman (1998), Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells, Science, 241, 58-62
64 Luckett, W. P. (1978), Origin and differentiation of the yolk sac and exttaembryonic mesoderm in presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos, J. Anat. 152, 59-97   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Schmidt, M., Zickler, P., Hoffmann, G., Haas, S., Wissler, M., Muessig, A., Tisdale, J. F., Kuramoto, K., Andrews, R. G., Wu, T., Kiem, H. P., Dunbar, C. E. and C. Von Kalle (2002), Polyclonal long-term repopulating stem cell clones in a primate model, Blood, 100, 2737-2743   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Serov, O. (2001), Embryonic hybrid cells: a powerful tool for studying pluripotency and reprogramming of the differentiated cell chromosomes, An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 73, 561-568   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Weissman, I. L. (2000), Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities, Science, 287, 1442-1446   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
68 Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S. S., Waknitz, M. A., Swiergiel, J. J., Marshall, V. S. and J. M. Jones (1998), Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts, Science, 282, 1145-1147   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
69 Bueren, J. A., Guenechea, G., Casado, J. A., Lamana, M. L. and J. C. Segovia (2003), Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells: recent advances in the gene therapy of inherited diseases, Arch Med. Res. 34, 589-599   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Mitsui, K., Tokuzawa, Y., Itoh, H., Segawa, K., Murakami, M., Takahashi, K., Maruyama, M, Maeda, M. and S. Yamanaka, (2003), The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells, Cell, 113, 631-642   DOI   ScienceOn
71 Bhatia, M., Wang, J. C., Kapp, U., Bonnet, D. and J. E. Dick (1997), Purification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating innnune-deficient mice, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 5320-5325
72 Kobayashi, T., Harnano, K., Li, T. S., Katoh, T., Kobayashi, S., Matsuzaki, M. and K. Esato (2000), Enhancement of angiogenesis by the implantation of self bone marrow cells in a rat ischemic heart model, J. Surg. Res. 89, 189-195   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Kehat, I., Kenyagin-Karsenti, D., Snir, M., Segev, H., Amit, M., Gepstein, A., Livne, E., Binah, O., Itskovitz-Eldor, J. and L. Gepstein (2001), Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 108, 407-414   DOI
74 Roopenian, D. (2002), The immunogenomics of minor histocompatibility antigens, Immunol. Rev. 190, 86-94   DOI   ScienceOn
75 Gussoni, E., Soneoka, Y., Strickland, C. D., Buzney, E. A., Khan, M. K., Flint, A. F., Kunkel, L. M. and R. C. Mulligan, (1999), Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation, Nature, 401, 390-394
76 Reyes, M., Dudek, A., Jahagirdar, B., Koodie, L., Marker, P. H. and C. M. Verfaillie (2002), Origin of endothelial progenitors in human post-natal bone marrow, J. Clin. Invest., 109, 337-346   DOI
77 Rideout, W. M. 3rd, Hochedlinger, K., Kyba, M., Daley, G. Q. and R. Jaenisch, (2002), Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy, Cell, 109, 17-27   DOI   ScienceOn
78 Prockop, D. (1997), Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues, Science, 276, 71-74   DOI   PUBMED
79 Mollah, Z. U., Aiba, S., Manome, H., Yoshino, Y. and Tagarni, H. (2002), Cord blood CD34- cells differentiate into dermal dendritic cells in co-culture with cutaneous fibroblasts or stromal cells, J. Invest. Dermatol. 118, 450-460   DOI   ScienceOn
80 Horwitz, E. M., Prockop, D. J., Fitzpatrick, L. A., Koo, W. W., Gordon, P. L., Neel, M., Sussman, M., Orchard, P., Marx, J. C., Pyeritz, R. E. and M. K. Brenner, (1999), Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, Nat. Med., 5, 309-313   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Tzukerman, M., Rosenberg, T., Ravel, Y., Reiter, I., Coleman, R. and K. Skorecki (2003), An experimental platform for studying growth and invasiveness of tumor cells within teratomas derived from human embryonic stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100(23), 13507-13512
82 Fridenshtein, A. (1982), Stromal bone marrow cells and the hematopoietic microenvironment, Arkh. Patol., 44, 3-11
83 Kaufman, M. H. (1992), The atlas of mouse development, Academic Press. London
84 Mezey, E., Chandross, K. J., Harta, G., Maki, R. A. and S. R. McKercher (2000), Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow, Science, 290, 1779-1782   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
85 Niwa, H. B. T., Chambers, I. and A. Smith (1998), Self-renewal of pluripotent embryonic stem cells is mediated via activation of STAT3, Gene Dev. 12, 2048-2060   DOI   ScienceOn
86 Davani, S., Marandin, A., Mersin, N., Royer, B., Kantelip, B., Herve, P., Etievent, J. P. and J. P. Kantelip (2003), Mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into an endothelial phenotype, enhance vascular density, and improve heart function in a rat cellular cardiomyoplasty model, Circulation, 108, 11253-11258
87 Kawada, H. and M. Ogawa (2001), Bone marrow origin of hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in murine muscle, Blood, 98, 2008-2013   DOI   ScienceOn
88 Taupin, P. (2002), Adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells of the central nervous system in mammals, J. Neurosci. Res., 69, 745-749   DOI   ScienceOn
89 Solter, D. and B. B. Knowles (1978), Monoclonal antibody defining a stage-specific mouse embryonic antigen (SSEA-1), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 5565-5569
90 Kehat, I., Kenyagin-Karsenti, D., Snir, M., Segev, H., Amit, M., Gepstein, A., Livne, E., Binah, O., Itskovitz-Eldor, J. and L. Gepstein (2001), Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 108, 407-414   DOI
91 Haynesworth, S. E. Baber, M. A. and A. I. Caplan, (1992), Cell surface antigens on human marrow-derived mesenchymal cells are detected by monoclonal antibodies, Bone, 13, 69-80   DOI   ScienceOn
92 Gronthos, S. and P. Simmons (1996), The biology and application of human bone marrow stromal cell precursors, J. Hematother. 5, 15-23   DOI   ScienceOn
93 Toma, J. G., Akhavan, M., Fernandes, K. J., Barnabe-Hcider, F., Sadikot, A., Kaplan, D. R. and F. D. Miller (2001), Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from the dennis of mammalian skin, Nat. Cell Biol., 3, 778-784   DOI   ScienceOn
94 Shamblott, M. J., Axelman, J., Wang, S., Bugg, E. M., Littlefield, J. W., Donovan, P. J., Blumenthal, P. D., Huggins, G. R. and J. D. Gearhart (1998), Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95, 13726-13731
95 Maeshak, D. R. and Gardner, R. L. (2001), Stem Cell Biology(Monograph 40), p550, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press
96 Hodes, R. J. (1999), Telomere length, aging, and somatic cell turnover, J. Exp. Med. 190, 153-156   DOI   ScienceOn
97 Watkins, W. M. (2001), The ABO blood group system: historicalbackground, Transfus. Med. 11, 243-265   DOI   ScienceOn
98 Petersen, B. E., Bowen, W. C. Patrene, K. D., Mars, W. M., Sullivan, A. K., Murase, N., Boggs, S. S., Greenberger, J. S. and J. P. Goff, (1999), Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells, Science, 284, 1168-1170   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
99 Schwartz, R. E., Reyes, M., Koodie, L., Jiang, Y., Blackstad, M., Lund, T., Lenvik, T., Johnson, S., Hu, W. S. and C. M. Verfaillie, (2002), Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells, J. Clin. Invest., 109, 1291-1302   DOI
100 Jackson, K., Mi, T. and M. A. Goodell (1999), Hematopoietic potential of stem cells isolated from mutine skeletal muscle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 14482-14486
101 Kawase, E. (2000), Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines established from neuronal cell-derived cloned blastocysts, Genesis, 28, 156-163   DOI   ScienceOn
102 Kimber, S. J. (2000), Molecular interactions at the maternalembryonic interface during the early phase of implantation, Semin. Reprod. Med. 18, 237-253   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
103 Evans, M. J. and M. H. Kaufman (1981), Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos, Nature, 292, 154-156   DOI   ScienceOn