Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2018.27.7.543

Elemental Composition and Source Identification of PM2.5 in Jeju City  

Lee, Ki-Ho (Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeju National University)
Hu, Chul-Goo (Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeju National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Environmental Science International / v.27, no.7, 2018 , pp. 543-554 More about this Journal
Abstract
From November 2013 to December 2016, ambient fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) was sampled in the downtown area of Jeju City, South Korea, which has seen rapid urbanization. The atmospheric concentrations of elements were measured in the $PM_{2.5}$ samples. This study focused on Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Sb, Sn, V, and Zn. The concentrations of Al, Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg, Sr, and La were also obtained for reference. The objectives of this study were to examine the contributions of these elements to $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in downtown Jeju City, and to investigate the inter-element relationships and the elemental sources by using enrichment factors and principal components analysis (PCA). A composition analysis showed that the 19 elements constituted 6.65 % of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass, and Na, K, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Zn constituted 98 % of the total ion mass. Seasonal trend analysis for the sampling period indicated that the concentrations of the elements increased from November to April. However, no substantial seasonal variations were found in the concentrations of the elements. The composition ratios of some elements (Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd, Cu/Pb, V/Ni, and V/La) were found to be out of range when compared to the literature from other urban areas. The ratios between the elements and the PCA results showed that local contaminant sources in Jeju City rarely influence the composition of $PM_{2.5}$. This suggests that the major sources of $PM_{2.5}$ in Jeju City may include long-range transport of fine particulate matter produced in other areas.
Keywords
$PM_{2.5}$; Element; Enrichment factors; Jeju City;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Han, J. S., Moon, K. J., Ahn, J. Y., Hong, Y. D., Kim, Y. J., Ryu, S. Y., Cliff, S. S., Cahill, T. A., 2004, Characterization of ion components and trace elements of fine particles at Gosan, Korea in spring from 2001 to 2002, Environ. Monit. Assess. 92, 73-93.   DOI
2 Han, J. S., Moon, K. J., Ryu, S. Y., Kim, Y. J., Perry, K. D., 2005, Source estimation of anthropogenic aerosols collected by a DRUM sampler during spring of 2002 at Gosan, Korea. Atmos. Environ., 39, 3113-3125.   DOI
3 Heo, H. Y., 2005, A Quantitative Estimation of Source Contributions to the Concentrations of Ambient $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in Incheon, Master Thesis, Inha University, Korea.
4 Hao, Y., Guo, Z., Yang, Z., Fang, M., Feng, J., 2007, Seasonal variations and sources of various elements in the atmospheric aerosols in Qingdao, China. Atmos. Res., 85, 27-37.   DOI
5 Kang, J., Choi, M. S., Yi, H. I., Jeong, K. S., Chae, J. S., Cheong, C. S., 2013, Elemental composition of different air masses over Jeju Island, South Korea. Atmos. Res., 122, 150-164.   DOI
6 Kang, J., Choi, M. S., Yi, H. I., Song, Y. H., Lee, D., Cho, J. H., 2011, A Five-year observation of atmospheric metals on Ulleung Island in the East/Japan Sea: Temporal variability and source identification, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4252-4262.   DOI
7 Kim, K. H., Choi, G. H., Kang, C. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Youn, Y. H., Lee, S. R., 2003, The chemical composition of fine and coarse particles in relation with the Asian Dust events. Atmos. Environ., 37, 753-765.   DOI
8 Lee, S. W., Pomalis, R., Kan, B., 2000. A New methodology for source characterization of oil combustion particulate matter. Fuel Processing Technology, 65-66, 189-202.
9 Kim, Y. J., Woo, J. H., Ma, Y. I., Kim, S., Nam, J. S., Sung, H., Choi, K. C., Seo, J., Kim, J. S., Kang, C. H., Lee, G., Ro, C. U., Chang, D., Sunwoo, Y., 2009, Chemical characteristics of long-range transport aerosol at background sites in Korea. Atmos. Environ. 43, 5556-5566.   DOI
10 Lee, G., Hwang, G.,Shin, J., Lee, M., Lee, J., Shim, B., 2008, Mass concentration and ionic composition of $PM_{2.5}$ observed at Ieodo ocean research station, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 24, 501-511.   DOI
11 Makkonen, U., Hellen, H., Anttila, P., Ferm, M., 2010, Size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles in south-eastern Finland during different seasons and wildfire episodes in 2006. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 644-651.   DOI
12 Moon, K. J., Han, J. S., Cho, S. Y., 2013, Physical, chemical and optical properties of fine aerosol as a function of relative humidity at Gosan, Korea during ABC-EAREX 2005. Asian J. Atmos. Environ., 7, 129-138.   DOI
13 Moon, K. J., Han, J. S., Ghim, Y. S., Kim, Y. J., 2008, Source apportionment of fine carbonaceous particles by positive matrix factorization at Gosan background site in East Asia, Environmental International, 34, 654-664.   DOI
14 Pey, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., 2010, Discriminating the regional and urban contributions in the North-Western Mediterranean: PM levels and composition. Atmos. Environ., 44, 1587-1596.   DOI
15 Moreno, T., Querol, X., Castillo, S., Alastuey, A., Cuevas, E., Herrmann, L., Mounkaila, M., Elvira, J., Gibbons, W., 2006, Geochemical variations in aeolian mineral particles from the Sahara-Sahel Dust Corridor. Chemosphere 65, 261-270.   DOI
16 Mori, I., Nishikawa, M., Tanimura, T., Quan, H., 2003, Change in size distribution and chemical composition of kosa (Asian Dust) aerosol during long-range transport, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4253-4263.   DOI
17 Okuda, T., Kato, J., Mori, J., Tenmoku, M., Suda, Y., Tanaka, S., He, K., Ma, Y., Yang, F., Yu, X., Duan, F., Lei, Y., 2004, Daily concentrations of trace metals in aerosols in Beijing, China, determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipped with laser ablation analysis, and source identification of aerosols, Science of the Total Environment, 330, 145-158.   DOI
18 Pandis, S., 2004, Atmospheric aerosol processes in: McMurry, P., Shepherd, M., Vickery, J. (eds.), Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: a NARSTO Assessment, edited by Cambridge University Press, New York, 103-125.
19 Pey, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., 2009, Variations of levels and composition of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ at an insular site in the Western Mediterranean. Atmos. Res., 94, 285-299.   DOI
20 Pope, C. A., Dockery, D. W., 2006, Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 56, 709-742.   DOI
21 Prahalad, A. K., Soukup, J. M., Inmon, J., Willis, R., Ghio, A. J., Becker, S., Gallagher, J. E., 1999, Ambient air particles: Effects on cellular oxidant radical generation in relation to particulate elemental chemistry, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 158, 81-91.   DOI
22 Song, J. M., Bu, J. O., Yang, S. H., Lee, J. Y., Kim, W. H., Kang, C. H., 2016, Influences of Asian Dust, haze, and mist events on chemical compositions of fine particulate matters at Gosan site, Jeju Island in 2014, J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 32, 67-81.   DOI
23 Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., de la Rosa, J., Sanchez de la Campa, A., Artinano, B., Salvador, P., Garcia Dos Santos, S., Fernandez-Patier, R., Moreno-Grau, S., Negral, L., Minguillon, M.C., Monfort, E., Gil, J.I., Inza, A., Ortega, L.A., Santamaria, J.M., Zabalza, J., 2007. Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7219-7231.   DOI
24 Raizenne, M, Neas, L. M., Damokosh, A. I., Dockery, D. W., Spengler, J. D., Koutrakis, P., Ware, J. H., Speizer, F. E., 1996, Health effects of acid aerosols on North American children: Pulmonary function, Environ. Health Perspect. 104, 506-514.   DOI
25 Schauer, J. J., Lough, G. C., Shafer, M. M., Christensen, W. F., Arndt, M. F., DeMinter, F. T., Park J. S., 2006, Characterization of Metals Emitted from Motor Vehicles, Health Effects Institute. Research Report 133.
26 Song, X. H., Polissar, A. V., Hopke, P. K., 2001, Sources of fine particle composition in the northeasten US, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5277-5286.   DOI
27 Sternbeck, J., Sjodin, A. A., Andreasson, K., 2002, Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension-results from two tunnel studies, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4735-4744.   DOI
28 Thorpe, A., Harrison, R. M., 2008, Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A Review, Science of the Total Environment, 400, 270-282.   DOI
29 Weckwerth, G., 2001, Verification of traffic emitted aerosol components in the ambient air of Cologne (Germany), Atmos. Environ., 35, 5525-5536.   DOI
30 Viana, M., Amato, F., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Moreno, T., Garcia, S., Herce, M. D., Fernandez-Patier, R., 2009, Chemical tracers of particulate emissions from commercial shipping, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7472-7477.   DOI
31 Wedepohl, K. H., 1995, The composition of the continental crust, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217-1232.   DOI
32 WHO, 2011, Urban outdoor air pollution database, Geneva, Switzerland: Department of public health and environment, World Health Organization; (http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoor air/databases/cities-2011/en/)
33 Yonemochi, S., Chen, X., Miao, P., Lu, S., Oh, K., Umezawa, N., 2013, Characterization of high concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$ collected in Beijing in January, 2013, J. Japanese Soc. Atmos. Environ., 48, 140-143.
34 Zhao, R., Han, B., Lu, B., Zhang, N., Zhu, L., Bai, Z., 2015, Element composition and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols over the China Sea, Atmos. Pollu. Res., 6, 191-201.   DOI
35 Cohen, A. J., Anderson, H. R., Ostro, B., Pandey, K. D., Krzyzanowski, M., Kunzli, N., Gutschmidt, K., Pope, A., Romieu, I., Samet, J. M., Smith, K., 2005, The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution, J. Toxicology and Environmental Health: Part A, 68, 1301-1307.   DOI
36 Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Escrig, A., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Pey, J., Perez, N., Hopke, P. K., 2009b, Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by multilinear engine: a comparison with PMF2. Atmos. Environ., 43, 2770-2780.   DOI
37 Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Viana, M., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Moreno, T., 2009a, Spatial and chemical patterns of PM10 in road dust deposited in urban environment. Atmos. Environ., 43, 1650-1659.   DOI
38 Blaszczak, B., 2018, The use of principal component analysis for source identification of $PM_{2.5}$ from selected urban and regional background sites in Poland. E3S Web of Conferences 28, 01001: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf20182801001.   DOI
39 Chester, R., 2000, Trace elements in the oceans. In: Chester, R. (Ed.), Marine Geochemistry, Blackwell Science Ltd, London, pp. 258-310.