Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/COPP.2022.6.6.619

Terahertz Nondestructive Time-of-flight Imaging with a Large Depth Range  

Kim, Hwan Sik (Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University)
Kim, Jangsun (Panoptics Corp.)
Ahn, Yeong Hwan (Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University)
Publication Information
Current Optics and Photonics / v.6, no.6, 2022 , pp. 619-626 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, we develop a three-dimensional (3D) terahertz time-of-flight (THz-TOF) imaging technique with a large depth range, based on asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) methods. THz-TOF imaging with the ASOPS technique enables rapid scanning with a time-delay span of 10 ns. This means that a depth range of 1.5 m is possible in principle, whereas in practice it is limited by the focus depth determined by the optical geometry, such as the focal length of the scan lens. We characterize the spatial resolution of objects at different vertical positions with a focal length of 5 cm. The lateral resolution varies from 0.8-1.8 mm within the vertical range of 50 mm. We obtain THz-TOF images for samples with multiple reflection layers; the horizontal and vertical locations of the objects are successfully determined from the 2D cross-sectional images, or from reconstructed 3D images. For instance, we can identify metallic objects embedded in insulating enclosures having a vertical depth range greater than 30 mm. For feasible practical use, we employ the proposed technique to locate a metallic object within a thick chocolate bar, which is not accessible via conventional transmission geometry.
Keywords
Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging; Three-dimensional imaging;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 K. H. Jin, Y.-G. Kim, S. H. Cho, J. C. Ye, and D.-S. Yee, "High-speed terahertz reflection three-dimensional imaging for nondestructive evaluation," Opt. Express 20, 25432-25440 (2012).   DOI
2 J.-Y. Zhang, J.-J. Ren, L.-J. Li, J. Gu, and D.-D. Zhang, "THz imaging technique for nondestructive analysis of debonding defects in ceramic matrix composites based on multiple echoes and feature fusion," Opt. Express 28, 19901-19915 (2020).   DOI
3 K. L. Nguyen, M. L. Johns, L. F. Gladden, C. H. Worrall, P. Alexander, H. E. Beere, M. Pepper, D. A. Ritchie, J. Alton, S. Barbieri, and E. H. Linfield, "Three-dimensional imaging with a terahertz quantum cascade laser," Opt. Express 14, 2123-2129 (2006).   DOI
4 S. K. Mathanker, P. R. Weckler, and N. Wang, "Terahertz (thz) applications in food and agriculture: A review," Trans. ASABE 56, 1213-1226 (2013).
5 L. Afsah-Hejri, P. Hajeb, P. Ara, and R. J. Ehsani, "A comprehensive review on food applications of terahertz spectroscopy and imaging," Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 18, 1563-1621 (2019).   DOI
6 Y. Kim and D.-S. Yee, "High-speed terahertz time-domain spectroscopy based on electronically controlled optical sampling," Opt. Lett. 35, 3715-3717 (2010).   DOI
7 J. S. Yahng, C.-S. Park, H. D. Lee, C.-S. Kim, and D.-S. Yee, "High-speed frequency-domain terahertz coherence tomography," Opt. Express 24, 1053-1061 (2016).   DOI
8 J. H. Yim, S. Y. Kim, Y. Kim, S. Cho, J. Kim, and Y. H. Ahn, "Rapid 3D-imaging of semiconductor chips using THz time-of-flight technique," Appl. Sci. 11, 4770 (2021).   DOI
9 R. Wilk, T. Hochrein, M. Koch, M. Mei, and R. Holzwarth, "OSCAT: Novel technique for time-resolved experiments without moveable optical delay lines," J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 32, 596-602 (2011).   DOI
10 S. H. Cha, S. J. Park, and Y. H. Ahn, "Investigation of sensitivity distribution in thz metamaterials using surface functionalization," Curr. Opt. Photonics 3, 566-570 (2019).   DOI
11 M. Kato, S. R. Tripathi, K. Murate, K. Imayama, and K. Kawase, "Non-destructive drug inspection in covering materials using a terahertz spectral imaging system with injection-seeded terahertz parametric generation and detection," Opt. Express 24, 6425-6432 (2016).   DOI
12 J. F. Federici, B. Schulkin, F. Huang, D. Gary, R. Barat, F. Oliveira, and D. Zimdars, "THz imaging and sensing for security applications-explosives, weapons and drugs," Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S266-S280 (2005).   DOI
13 S. Fan, T. Li, J. Zhou, X. Liu, X. Liu, H. Qi, and Z. Mu, "Terahertz non-destructive imaging of cracks and cracking in structures of cement-based materials," AIP Adv. 7, 115202 (2017).   DOI
14 H. S. Kim, S. Y. Baik, J. W. Lee, J. Kim, and Y. H. Ahn, "Nondestructive tomographic imaging of rust with rapid thz time-domain spectroscopy," Appl. Sci. 11, 10594 (2021).   DOI
15 Y. Ogawa, S. Hayashi, M. Oikawa, C. Otani, and K. Kawase, "Interference terahertz label-free imaging for protein detection on a membrane," Opt. Express 16, 22083-22089 (2008).   DOI
16 N. M. Burford, M. O. El-Shenawee, C. B. O'neal, and K. J. Olejniczak, "Terahertz imaging for nondestructive evaluation of packaged power electronic devices," Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng 4, 395-401 (2014).
17 K. Kawase, T. Shibuya, S. Hayashi, and K. Suizu, "THz imaging techniques for nondestructive inspections," C. R. Phys. 11, 510-518 (2010).   DOI
18 Y. Peng, C. Shi, Y. Zhu, M. Gu, and S. Zhuang, "Terahertz spectroscopy in biomedical field: A review on signal-to-noise ratio improvement," PhotoniX 1, 12 (2020).   DOI
19 K. Kawase, Y. Ogawa, Y. Watanabe, and H. Inoue, "Nondestructive terahertz imaging of illicit drugs using spectral fingerprints," Opt. Express 11, 2549-2554 (2003).   DOI
20 M. Schirmer, M. Fujio, M. Minami, J. Miura, T. Araki, and T. Yasui, "Biomedical applications of a real-time terahertz color scanner," Biomed. Opt. Express 1, 354-366 (2010).   DOI
21 K. Ahi, S. Shahbazmohamadi, and N. Asadizanjani, "Quality control and authentication of packaged integrated circuits using enhanced-spatial-resolution terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging," Opt. Lasers Eng. 104, 274-284 (2018).   DOI
22 N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, C. Zhang, K. I. Lin, J. S. Hwang, J. Xu, and X.-C. Zhang, "Compact continuous-wave subtera-hertz system for inspection applications," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 054105 (2005).   DOI
23 N. Karpowicz, A. Redo, H. Zhong, X. Li, J. Xu, and X. C. Zhang, "Continuous-wave terahertz imaging for non-destructive testing applications," in Proc. The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, IRMMW-THz (Williamsburg, VA, USA, Sep. 19-23, 2005), pp. 329-330.
24 T. Nagatsuma, H. Nishii, and T. Ikeo, "Terahertz imaging based on optical coherence tomography," Photonics Res. 2, B64-B69 (2014).   DOI
25 N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, J. Xu, K. I. Lin, J. S. Hwang, and X.-C. Zhang, "Comparison between pulsed terahertz time-domain imaging and continuous wave terahertz imaging," Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S293-S299 (2005).
26 K. Wang, D.-W. Sun, and H. Pu, "Emerging non-destructive terahertz spectroscopic imaging technique: Principle and applications in the agri-food industry," Trends Food Sci. Technol. 67, 93-105 (2017).   DOI
27 J.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Song, M. Yaita, A. Hirata, and K. Ajito, "CW-THz vector spectroscopy and imaging system based on 1.55-㎛ fiber-optics," Opt. Express 22, 1735-1741 (2014).   DOI
28 I.-S. Lee and J. W. Lee, "Nondestructive internal defect detection using a CW-THz imaging system in XLPE for power cable insulation," Appl. Sci. 10, 2055 (2020).   DOI
29 G. Ok, K. Park, H. J. Kim, H. S. Chun, and S.-W. Choi, "High-speed terahertz imaging toward food quality inspection," Appl. Opt. 53, 1406-1412 (2014).   DOI
30 E. Cristofani, F. Friederich, S. Wohnsiedler, C. Matheis, J. Jonuscheit, M. Vandewal, and R. Beigang, "Nondestructive testing potential evaluation of a terahertz frequency-modulated continuous-wave imager for composite materials inspection," Opt. Eng. 53, 031211 (2014).   DOI
31 H. Momiyama, Y. Sasaki, I. Yoshimine, S. Nagano, T. Yuasa, and C. Otani, "Depth super-resolved imaging of infrastructure defects using a terahertz-wave interferometer," NDT and E Int. 120, 102431 (2021).   DOI
32 T. Hochrein, R. Wilk, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, N. Krumbholz, and M. Koch, "Optical sampling by laser cavity tuning," Opt. Express 18, 1613-1617 (2010).   DOI
33 T. Yasui, E. Saneyoshi, and T. Araki, "Asynchronous optical sampling terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for ultrahigh spectral resolution and rapid data acquisition," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061101 (2005).   DOI
34 A. Bartels, A. Thoma, C. Janke, T. Dekorsy, A. Dreyhaupt, S. Winnerl, and M. Helm, "High-resolution THz spectrometer with kHz scan rates," Opt. Express 14, 430-437 (2006).   DOI
35 S.-H. Park, J.-W. Jang, and H.-S. Kim, "Non-destructive evaluation of the hidden voids in integrated circuit packages using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy," J. Micromech. Microeng. 25, 095007 (2015).   DOI
36 S. Zhong, Y.-C. Shen, L. Ho, R. K. May, J. A. Zeitler, M. Evans, P. F. Taday, M. Pepper, T. Rades, K. C. Gordon, R. Mller, and P. Kleinebudde, "Non-destructive quantification of pharmaceutical tablet coatings using terahertz pulsed imaging and optical coherence tomography," Opt. Lasers Eng. 49, 361-365 (2011).   DOI
37 J. L. Tomaino, A. D. Jameson, M. J. Paul, J. W. Kevek, A. M. Van Der Zande, R. A. Barton, H. Choi, P. L. McEuen, E. D. Minot, and Y.-S. Lee, "High-contrast imaging of graphene via time-domain terahertz spectroscopy," J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 33, 839-845 (2012).   DOI
38 S. J. Park, J. T. Hong, S. J. Choi, H. S. Kim, W. K. Park, S. T. Han, J. Y. Park, S. Lee, D. S. Kim, and Y. H. Ahn, "Detection of microorganisms using terahertz metamaterials," Sci. Rep. 4, 4988 (2014).   DOI
39 H. S. Kim, N. Y. Ha, J. Y. Park, S. Lee, D. S. Kim, and Y. H. Ahn, "Phonon-polaritons in lead halide perovskite film hybridized with thz metamaterials," Nano Lett. 20, 6690-6696 (2020).   DOI
40 Z. Zhenwei, X. Jing, J. Rui, W. Yinghong, G. Hao, H. Siyi, Z. Cunlin, and Z. Yuejin, "Terahertz non-destructive testing and imaging of high-voltage cables," Front. Phys. 10, 893145 (2022).   DOI
41 D. M. Mittleman, M. Gupta, R. Neelamani, R. G. Baraniuk, J. V. Rudd, and M. Koch, "Recent advances in terahertz imaging," Appl. Phys. B 68, 1085-1094 (1999).   DOI
42 M. Yahyapour, A. Jahn, K. Dutzi, T. Puppe, P. Leisching, B. Schmauss, N. Vieweg, and A. Deninger, "Fastest thickness measurements with a terahertz time-domain system based on electronically controlled optical sampling," Appl. Sci. 9, 1283 (2019).   DOI
43 D.-Y. Kong, X.-J. Wu, B. Wang, Y. Gao, J. Dai, L. Wang, C.-J. Ruan, and J.-G. Miao, "High resolution continuous wave terahertz spectroscopy on solid-state samples with coherent detection," Opt. Express 26, 17964-17976 (2018).   DOI
44 L. C. Andrews, Special functions of mathematics for engineers (SPIE Press, USA, 1998).
45 A. A. Gowen, C. O'Sullivan, and C. P. O'Donnell, "Terahertz time domain spectroscopy and imaging: Emerging techniques for food process monitoring and quality control," Trends Food Sci. Technol. 25, 40-46 (2012).   DOI
46 Y. C. Shen, T. Lo, P. F. Taday, B. E. Cole, W. R. Tribe, and M. C. Kemp, "Detection and identification of explosives using terahertz pulsed spectroscopic imaging," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 241116 (2005).   DOI
47 P. Gopalan, Y. Wang, and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, "Terahertz characterization of two-dimensional low-conductive layers enabled by metal gratings," Sci. Rep. 11, 2833 (2021).   DOI
48 S. W. Jun and Y. H. Ahn, "Terahertz thermal curve analysis for label-free identification of pathogens," Nat. Commun. 13, 3470 (2022).   DOI
49 H. Zhong, J. Xu, X. Xie, T. Yuan, R. Reightler, E. Madaras, and X.-C. Zhang, "Nondestructive defect identification with terahertz time-of-flight tomography," IEEE Sens. J. 5, 203-208 (2005).   DOI