Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/COPP.2021.5.3.243

Sensing Characteristics of Uncoated Double Cladding Long-period Fiber Grating Based on Mode Transition and Dual-peak Resonance  

Zhou, Yuan (Laboratory of Photo-electric Functional Films, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology)
Gu, Zheng Tian (Laboratory of Photo-electric Functional Films, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology)
Ling, Qiang (Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University)
Publication Information
Current Optics and Photonics / v.5, no.3, 2021 , pp. 243-249 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this paper, the sensing characteristics of a double cladding fiber (DCF) long-period fiber grating (LPFG) to the surrounding refractive index (SRI) are studied. The outer cladding of the DCF plays the role of the overlay, thus, the mode transition (MT) phenomenon of DCF can be induced by etching the outer cladding radius instead of coating overlays. The response characteristics of the effective refractive index (ERI) of the cladding mode to the outer cladding radius are analyzed. It is found that in the MT range, the change rate of ERIs of cladding modes is relatively larger than that for other ranges. Further, based on the features of the mode transition region (MTR), the phase-matching curve of the 11th cladding mode is investigated, and the response of the DCF-LPFG to the SRI is characterized by the change of wavelength intervals between the dual peaks under different outer cladding radii. The numerical simulation results show that the SRI sensitivity is greatly improved, which is available to 3484.0 nm/RIU with the fitting degree 0.998 in the SRI range of 1.33-1.37. The proposed DCF-LPFG can provide new theoretical support for designing the DCF-LPFG refractive index sensor with excellent performances of sensitivity, linearity and structure.
Keywords
Double cladding fiber; Dual-peak resonance; Long-period fiber grating; Mode transition; Surrounding refractive index;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 F. Yang, "Long-period optical fiber gratings enabled by functional polyelectrolyte coatings for multi-parameter sensing applications," Ph. D. dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology, USA (2019).
2 F. Esposito, L. Sansone, A. Srivastava, F. Baldini, S. Campopiano, F. Chiavaioli, M. Giordano, A. Giannetti, and A. Iadicicco, "Long period grating in double cladding fiber coated with graphene oxide as high-performance optical platform for biosensing," Biosens. Bioelectron. 172, 112747 (2021).   DOI
3 Z. Gu, Y. Xu, C. Deng, and J. Zhang, "Dual peak resonance and transmission spectrum characteristics in a coated long-period fiber grating," J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 11, 085701 (2009).   DOI
4 X. Shu, X. Zhu, S. Jiang, W. Shi, and D. Huang, "High sensitivity of dual resonant peaks of long-period fibre grating to surrounding refractive index changes," Electron. Lett. 35, 1580-1581 (1999).   DOI
5 C.-S. Shin, C.-C. Chiang, and S.-K. Liaw, "Comparison of single and double cladding long period fiber grating sensor using an intensity modulation interrogation system," Opt. Commun. 258, 23-29 (2006).   DOI
6 X. Cao, D. Tian, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, and T. Wang, "Sensing characteristics of helical long-period gratings written in the double-clad fiber by CO2 laser," IEEE Sens. J. 18, 7481-7485 (2018).   DOI
7 B. A. L. Gwandu, X. Shu, T. D. P. Allsop, W. Zhang, L. Zhang, D. J. Webb, and I. Bennion, "Simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurement using cascaded long-period grating in double-cladding fibre," Electron. Lett. 38, 695-696 (2002).   DOI
8 F. Esposito, A. Srivastava, L. Sansone, M. Giordano, S. Campopiano, and A. Ladicicco, "Sensitivity enhancement in long period gratings by mode transition in uncoated double cladding fibers," IEEE Sens. J. 20, 234-241 (2020).   DOI
9 F. Zou, Y. Liu, C. Mou, and S. Zhu, "Optimization of refractive index sensitivity in nanofilm-coated long-period fiber gratings near the dispersion turning point," J. Lightwave Technol. 38, 889-897 (2020).   DOI
10 S. Bandyopadhyay, L. Shao, C. Wang, S. Liu, Q. Wu, G. Gu, J. Hu, Y. Liu, X. Chen, Z. Song, X. Song, Q. Bao, and M. Smietana, "Study on optimization of nano-coatings for ultra-sensitive biosensors based on long-period fiber grating," Sens. Biosensing Res. 27, 100320 (2020).   DOI
11 N. D. Rees, S. W. James, R. P. Tatam, and G. J. Ashwell, "Optical fiber long-period gratings with Langmuir-Blodgett thinfilm overlays," Opt. Lett. 27, 686-688 (2002).   DOI
12 T. Erdogan, "Cladding-mode resonances in short- and long-period fiber grating filters," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 1760-1773 (1997).   DOI
13 H. Chen and Z. Gu, "Design optimization of an intensity-interrogated long-period fibre grating film sensor operating near the phase-matching turning point," Meas. Sci. Technol. 23, 035105 (2012).   DOI
14 M. Janczuk-Richter, M. Piestrzynska, D. Burnat, P. Sezemsky, V. Stranak, W. J. Bock, R. Bogdanowicz, J. Niedziolka-Jonsson, and M. Smietana, "Optical investigations of electrochemical processes using a long-period fiber grating functionalized by indium tin oxide," Sens. Actuators B 279, 223-229 (2018).   DOI
15 S. Liu, Y. Zhang, C. Fu, Z. Bai, Z. Li, C. Liao, Y. Wang, J. He, Y. Liu, and Y. Wang, "Temperature insensitivity polarization-controlled orbital angular momentum mode converter based on an LPFG induced in four-mode fiber," Sensors 18, 1766 (2018).   DOI
16 M. Deng, J. Xu, Z. Zhang, Z. Bai, S. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Liao, W. Jin, G. Peng, and Y. Wang, "Long period fiber grating based on periodically screw-type distortions for torsion sensing," Opt. Express 25, 14308-14316 (2017).   DOI
17 H. C. A. S. G. Vasconcelos, J. M. M. M. de Almeida, C. M. T. Saraiva, P. A. da S. Jorge, and L. C. C. Coelho, "Mach-Zehnder interferometers based on long period fiber grating coated with titanium dioxide for refractive index sensing," J. Lightwave Technol. 37, 4584-4589 (2019).   DOI
18 Y. Wang, Y. Liu, F. Zou, C. Jiang, C. Mou, and T. Wang, "Humidity sensor based on a long-period fiber grating coated with polymer composite film," Sensors 19, 2263 (2019).   DOI
19 M. Smietana, M. Koba, P. Mikulic, and W. J. Bock, "Towards refractive index sensitivity of long-period gratings at level of tens of ㎛ per refractive index unit: fiber cladding etching and nano-coating deposition," Opt. Express 24, 11897-11904 (2016).   DOI
20 M. Zhang, R. Yu, Y. Du, J. Zhou, and L. Wang, "Liquid-level sensor based on reflective mechanically induced long-period grating using double-cladding fiber," IEEE Sens. J. 18, 9568-9575 (2018).   DOI
21 C. Y. H. Tsao, D. N. Payne, and W. A. Gambling, "Modal characteristics of three-layered optical fiber waveguides: a modified approach," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 6, 555-563 (1989).   DOI
22 J. Zhang, F. Pang, H. Guo, Z. Chen, and T. Wang, "A strain sensor based on cladding mode resonance of optical double-cladding fiber," Proc. SPIE 7853, 78533U (2010).   DOI
23 T. Allsop, D. J. Webb, and I. Bennion, "A comparison of the sensing characteristics of long period gratings written in three different types of fiber," Opt. Fiber Technol. 9, 210-223 (2003).   DOI
24 Y.-T. Yong, S.-C. Lee, and F. A. Rahman, "Fiber sensor network with multipoint sensing using double-pass hybrid LPFG-FBG sensor configuration," Opt. Commun. 387, 191-195 (2017).   DOI
25 F. Zou, Y. Liu, C. Deng, Y. Dong, S. Zhu, and T. Wang, "Refractive index sensitivity of nano-film coated long-period fiber gratings," Opt. Express 23, 1114-1124 (2015).   DOI
26 Y.-S. Zhang, W.-G. Zhang, L. Chen, Y.-X. Zhang, S. Wang, L. Yu, Y.-P. Li, P.-C. Geng, T.-Y. Yan, X. Y. Li, and L.-X. Kong, "Concave-lens-like long-period fiber grating bidirectional high-sensitivity bending sensor," Opt. Lett. 42, 3892-3895 (2017).   DOI
27 C. Jiang, Y. Liu, L. Huang, and C. Mou, "Double cladding fiber chiral long-period grating-based directional torsion sensor," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 31, 1522-1525 (2019).   DOI
28 M. J. Kim, Y. H. Kim, G. Mudhana, and B. H. Lee, "Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain based on double cladding fiber interferometer assisted by fiber grating pair," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 1290-1292 (2008).   DOI
29 F. Esposito, A. Srivastava, L. Sansone, M. Giordano, S. Campopiano, and A. Ladicicco, "Mode transition in uncoated long period gratings," Proc. SPIE 11199, 111992W (2019).
30 Q. Ling, Z. Gu, and K. Gao, "Smart design of a long-period fiber grating refractive index sensor based on dual-peak resonance near the phase-matching turning point," Appl. Opt. 10, 2693-2697 (2018).
31 Y. Xu, Z. Gu, J. Chen, and K. Gao, "Structure optimization of long-period fiber grating gas-sensing sensors," Proc. SPIE 5547, 49-56 (2004).   DOI
32 Q. Han, X. Lan, J. Huang, A. Kaur, T. Wei, Z. Gao, and H. Xiao, "Long-period grating inscribed on concatenated doubleclad and single-clad fiber for simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24, 1130-1132 (2012).   DOI