Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3807/KJOP.2022.33.1.011

Comparative Study of Optimization Algorithms for Designing Optimal Aperiodic Optical Phased Arrays for Minimal Side-lobe Levels  

Lee, Bohae (Department of Physics, Inha University)
Ryu, Han-Youl (Department of Physics, Inha University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics / v.33, no.1, 2022 , pp. 11-21 More about this Journal
Abstract
We have investigated the optimal design of an aperiodic optical phased array (OPA) for use in light detection and ranging applications. Three optimization algorithms - particle-swarm optimization (PSO), a genetic algorithm (GA), and a pattern-search algorithm (PSA) - were employed to obtain the optimal arrangement of optical antennas comprising an OPA. The optimization was performed to obtain the minimal side-lobe level (SLL) of an aperiodic OPA at each steering angle, using the three optimization algorithms. It was found that PSO and GA exhibited similar results for the SLL of the optimized OPA, while the SLL obtained by PSA showed somewhat different features from those obtained by PSO and GA. For an OPA optimized at a steering angle <45°, the SLL value averaged over all steering angles increased as the angle of optimization decreased. However, when the angle of optimization was larger than 45°, low average SLL values of <13 dB were obtained for all three optimization algorithms. This implies that an OPA with high signal quality can be obtained when the arrangement of the optical antennas is optimized at a large steering angle.
Keywords
Lidar; Optical phased array; Optimization algorithm;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 A. Yaacobi, J. Sun, M. Moresco, G. Leake, D. Coolbaugh, and M. R. Watts, "Integrated phased array for wide-angle beam steering," Opt. Lett. 39, 4575-4578 (2014).   DOI
2 S.-H. Kim, J.-B. You, Y.-G. Ha, G. Kang, D.-S. Lee, H. Yoon, D.-E. Yoo, D.-W. Lee, K. Yu, C.-H. Youn, and H.-H. Park, "Thermo-optic control of the longitudinal radiation angle in a silicon-based optical phased array," Opt. Lett. 44, 411-414 (2019).   DOI
3 C.-S. Im, S.-M. Kim, K.-P. Lee, S.-H. Ju, J.-H. Hong, S.-W. Woon, T. Kim, E.-S. Lee, B. Bhandari, C. Zhou, S.-Y. Ko, Y.- H. Kim, M.-C. Oh, and S.-S. Lee, "Hybrid integrated silicon nitride-polymer optical phased array for efficient light detection and ranging," J. Lightwave Technol. 39, 4402-4409 (2021).   DOI
4 L. H. Gabrielli and H. E. Hernandez-Figueroa, "Aperiodic antenna array for secondary lobe suppression," IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28, 209-212 (2016).   DOI
5 D. Zhuang, L. Zhang, X. Han, Y. Li, Y. Li, X. Liu, F. Gao, and J. Song, "Omnidirectional beam steering using aperiodic optical phased array with high error margin," Opt. Express 26, 19154-19170 (2018).   DOI
6 E. Hecht, Optics: global edition, 5th ed., (Pearson, Edinburgh, UK, 2017), Chapter 9.
7 M. E. H. Pedersen, "Good parameters for particle swarm optimization," Hvass Laboratories, Denmark, Tech. Rep. HL1001 (2010).
8 T. Kolda, R. M. Lewis, and V. Torczon, "Optimization by direct search: new perspectives on some classical and modern methods," SIAM Rev. 45, 385-482 (2003).   DOI
9 H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Lv, C. Peng, and W. Hu, "Fast beam steering enabled by a chip-scale optical phased array with 8 × 8 elements," Opt. Commun. 461, 125267 (2020).   DOI
10 B.-W. Yoo, M. Megens, T. Sun, W. Yang, C. J. Chang-Hasnain, D. A. Horsley, and M. C. Wu, "A 32 × 32 optical phased array using polysilicon sub-wavelength high-contrast-grating mirrors," Opt. Express 22, 19029-19039 (2014).   DOI
11 K. V. Acoleyen, W. Bogaerts, J. Jagerska, N. L. Thomas, R. Houdre, and R. Baets, "Off-chip beam steering with a onedimensional optical phased array on silicon-on-insulator," Opt. Lett. 34, 1477-1479 (2009).   DOI
12 M. J. R. Heck, "Highly integrated optical phased arrays: photonic integrated circuits for optical beam shaping and beam steering," Nanophotonics 6, 93-107 (2017).   DOI
13 W. Xie, T. Komljenovic, J. Huang, M. Tran, M. Davenport, A. Torres, P. Pintus, and J. Bowers, "Heterogeneous silicon photonics sensing for autonomous cars," Opt. Express 27, 3642-3663 (2019).   DOI
14 C.-P. Hsu, B. Li, B. Solano-Rivas, A. R. Gohil, P. H. Chang, A. D. Moore, and V. Donzella, "A review and perspective on optical phased array for automotive LiDAR," J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 27, 8300416 (2021).
15 J. C. Hulme, J. K. Doylend, M. J. R. Heck, J. D. Peters, M. L. Davenport, J. T. Bovington, L. A. Coldren, and J. E. Bowers, "Fully integrated hybrid silicon two dimensional beam scanner," Opt. Express 23, 5861-5874 (2015).   DOI
16 C. V. Poulton, A. Yaacobi, D. B. Cole, M. J. Byrd, M. Raval, D. Vermeulen, and M. R. Watts, "Coherent solid-state LIDAR with silicon photonic optical phased arrays," Opt. Lett. 42, 4091-4094 (2017).   DOI
17 D.-J. Seo and H.-Y. Ryu, "Accurate simulation of a shallowetched grating antenna on silicon-on-insulator for optical phased array using finite-difference time-domain method," Curr. Opt. Photonics 3, 522-530 (2019).   DOI
18 J. Sun, E. Timurdogan, A. Yaacobi, E. S. Hosseini, and M. R. Watts, "Large-scale nanophotonic phased array," Nature 493, 195-199 (2013).   DOI
19 D. N. Hutchison, J. Sun, J. K. Doylend, R. Kumar, J. Heck, W. Kim, C. T. Phare, A. Freshali, and H. Rong, "High-resolution aliasing-free optical beam steering," Optica 3, 887-890 (2016).   DOI
20 C. Rogers, A. Y. Plggott, D. J. Thomson, R. F. Wlser, I. E. Opris, S. A. Fortune, A. J. Compston, A. Gondarenko, F. Meng, X. Chen, G. T. Reed, and R. Nicolaescu, "Universal 3D imaging sensor on a silicon photonics platform," Nature 590, 256-261 (2021).   DOI
21 Y. Guo, Y. Guo, C. Li, H. Zhang, X. Zhou, and L. Zhang, "Integrated optical phased arrays for beam forming and steering," Appl. Sci. 11, 4017 (2021).   DOI
22 W. Xu, L. Zhou, L. Lu, and J. Chen, "Aliasing-free optical phased array beam-steering with a plateau envelope," Opt. Express 27, 3354-3368 (2019).   DOI
23 T. Komljenovic, R. Helkey, L. Coldren, and J. E. Bowers, "Sparse aperiodic arrays for optical beam forming and LIDAR," Opt. Express 25, 2511-2528 (2017).   DOI
24 D. Zhang, F. Zhang, and S. Pan, "Grating-lobe-suppressed optical phased array with optimized element distribution," Opt. Commun. 419, 47-52 (2018).   DOI
25 P. Wang, A. Kazemian, X. Zeng, Y. Zhuang, and Y. Yi, "Optimization of aperiodic 3D optical phased arrays based on multilayer Si3N4/SiO2 platforms," Appl. Opt. 60, 484-491 (2021).   DOI
26 J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization," in Proc. International Conference on Neural Networks-ICNN'95 (Perth, Australia, Nov. 1995), pp. 1942-1948.
27 E. Mezura-Montes and C. A. C. Coello, "Constraint-handling in nature-inspired numerical optimization: past, present and future," Swarm Evol. Comput. 1, 173-194 (2011).   DOI
28 S. Baluja and R. Caruana, "Removing the genetics from the standard genetic algorithm," in Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning (Tahoe City, CA, USA, July 1995), pp. 38-46.
29 M. Mitchell, An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms (MIT Press, USA, 2006), Chapter 5.
30 M. A. Abramson, C. Audet, and J. E. Dennis, "Generalized pattern searches with derivative information," Math. Program. 100, 3-25 (2004).   DOI
31 K. Han, V. Yurlov, and N. E. Yu, "Highly directional waveguide grating antenna for optical phased array," Curr. Appl. Phys. 18, 824-828 (2018).   DOI