Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.22722/KJPM.2015.23.2.086

Gender Differences of Direct and Relational Aggression in Children and Adolescents  

Jeong, Da-un (Department of Psychiatry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital)
Kim, Ji-Woong (Department of Psychiatry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital)
Hong, Hyun-ju (Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Suicide and School Mental Health Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine)
Kim, Seung-Jun (Department of Psychiatry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital)
Lee, Na-Hyun (Department of Psychiatry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital)
Yang, Ji-sun (Department of Psychiatry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital)
Ahn, Song-ii (Hopeful Psychiatric Clinic)
Im, Woo-Young (Department of Psychiatry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Konyang University Hospital)
Jhung, Kyungun (Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine / v.23, no.2, 2015 , pp. 86-92 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the gender differences of direct aggression and relational aggression in Korean elementary and middle school students. Methods : Parents of 946 elementary school students(age $9.54{\pm}1.72$ years, 485 boys, 461 girls) completed the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL). Six-hundred-and-three middle school students(age $13.98{\pm}0.93$ years, 301 boys, 302 girls) completed the Youth Self-Report(YSR). Independent t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used. Results : Boys had significantly higher direct aggression scores than girls in elementary school students(p<0.001). There was no significance gender difference of relational aggression in elementary school students(p=0.235). In middle school students, boys had significantly higher direct aggression than girls(p=0.017), and girls had significantly higher relational aggression compared to the boys(p<0.001). Conclusions : Our results suggest the presence of gender differences in manifestation of aggression subtypes in Korean elementary and middle school students. These gender differences should be taken into account in prevention and intervention approaches of aggression in children and adolescents.
Keywords
Direct aggression; Relational aggression; Gender; Child Behavior Checklist; Youth self-Report; children; Adolescents;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Crick NR, Grotpeter JK. Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Dev 1995;66:710-22.   DOI
2 Steiner H, Silverman M, Karnik NS, Huemer J, Plattner B, Clark CE, Blair JR, Haapanen R. Psychopathology, trauma and delinquency: subtypes of aggression and their relevance for understanding young offenders. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2011;5:21.   DOI
3 Steiner H, Saxena K, Chang K. Psychopharmacologic strategies for the treatment of aggression in juveniles. CNS Spectr 2003;8:298-308.   DOI
4 Osterman K, Bjorkqvist K, Lagerspetz KM, Kaukiainen A, Landau SF, Fraczek A, Caprara GV. Cross-cultural evidence of female indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior 1998;24:1-8.   DOI
5 Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, Unversity of Vermont Department of Psychiatry;1991b.
6 Ligthart L, Bartels M, Hoekstra RA, Hudziak JJ, Boomsma DI. Genetic contributions to subtypes of aggression. Twin Res Hum Genet 2005;8:483-491.   DOI
7 Crick NR, Casas JF, Mosher M. Relational and overt aggression in preschool. Dev Psychol 1997;33:579-88.   DOI
8 McEvoy MA, Estrem TL, Rodriguez MC, Olson ML. Assessing relational and physical aggression among preschool children Intermethod agreement. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 2003;23:51-61.   DOI
9 Tiet QQ, Wasserman GA, Loeber R, McReynolds LS, Miller LS. Developmental and sex differences in types of conduct problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2001;10:181-197.   DOI
10 Oh KJ, Lee HL. Development of the Korean Child Behavior Check-list preliminary study. J Korean Neuropsychiatir Assoc 1990;29:452-462.
11 Achenbach TM. Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 profile. Burlington, Unversity of Vermont Department of Psychiatry;1991c.
12 Oh KJ, Hong KE, Lee HR. Korean-Youth Self Report(KYSR). Seoul, Korea: Jungang Aptitude Research Center;1997.
13 Conway AM. Girls, aggression, and emotion regulation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2005;75:334.   DOI
14 Hadley M. Relational, indirect, adaptive, or just mean: Recent studies on aggression in adolescent girls-Part II. Studies in Gender and Sexuality 2004;5:331-350.   DOI
15 Coie JD, Dodge KA. Aggression and antisocial behavior;1998.
16 Crick NR. The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment. Child Development 1996;67:2317-27.   DOI
17 Archer J, Westeman K. Sex differences in the aggressive behaviour of schoolchildren. British Journal of Social Psychology 1981;20:31-36.   DOI
18 Bjorkqvist K. Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research. Sex Roles 1994;30:177-188.   DOI
19 Zahn-Waxler C, Polanichka N. All Things Interpersonal: Socialization and Female Aggression;2004.
20 Fagot BI, Hagan R. Aggression in toddlers: Responses to the assertive acts of boys and girls. Sex Roles 1985;12:341-351.   DOI
21 Fagot BI. The child's expectations of differences in adult male and female interactions. Sex Roles 1984;11:593-600.   DOI
22 Achenbach TM, Dumenci L, Rescorla LA. DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2003;32:328-340.   DOI
23 Bornstein MH, Hahn C-S, Haynes OM. Specific and general language performance across early childhood: Stability and gender considerations. First Language 2004;24:267-304.   DOI
24 Bonica C, Arnold DH, Fisher PH, Zeljo A, Yershova K. Relational aggression, relational victimization, and language development in preschoolers. Social Development 2003;12:551-562.   DOI
25 Estrem TL. Relational and physical aggression among preschoolers: The effect of language skills and gender. Early Education & Development 2005;16:207-32.   DOI
26 Bowie BH. Relational aggression, gender, and the developmental process. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 2007;20:107-115.   DOI