Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2019.52.5.471

Geological Significance of Liquefaction and Soft-sediment Deformation Structures  

Ghim, Yong Sik (Geology Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources)
Ko, Kyoungtae (Geology Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources)
Publication Information
Economic and Environmental Geology / v.52, no.5, 2019 , pp. 471-484 More about this Journal
Abstract
Liquefaction occurs by a temporal loss of sediment strength as a consequence of increased pore water pressure during the re-arrangement of unconsolidated, granular sediments. Liquefaction is dependent on the physical properties of the sediments and cause surface cracks, landslide, and the formation of soft-sediment deformation structures(SSDS). SSDS is formed by the combined action of the driving force and deformation mechanism(liquefaction, thixotropy, and fluidization) that is triggered by endogenic or exogenic triggers. So research on the SSDS can unravel syndepositional geological events. If detailed sedimentologic analysis together with surrounding geological context suggest SSDS formed by earthquakes, the SSDS provide a clue to unravel syndepositional tectonic activities and detailed paleoseismological information(> Mw 5) including earthquakes that leave no surface expression.
Keywords
Liquefaction; soft-sediment deformation structures; fluidization; earthquake; paleoseismology;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Obermeier, S.F., Olson, S.M. and Green, R.A. (2005) Field occurrences of liquefaction-induced features: a primer for engineering geologic analysis of paleoseismic shaking. Engineering Geology, v.76, p.209-234.   DOI
2 Owen, G. (1987) Deformation Processes in Unconsolidated Sands. In Jones, M.E. and Preston, R. M. F. (ed.), Deformation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Geological Society Special Publications, v.29, p.11-24.
3 Owen, G. (1996) Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimentology, v.43, p.279-293   DOI
4 Owen, G. (2003) Load structures: gravity-driven sediment mobilization in the shallow subsurface. In Van Rensbergen, P., Hillis, R.R., Maltman, A.J. and Morley, C.K. (ed.), Subsurface Sediment Mobilization: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v.216, p.21-34.
5 Owen, G. and Moretti, M. (2011) Identifying triggers for liquefaction-induced soft-sediment deformation in sands. Sedimentary Geology, v.235, p.141-147.   DOI
6 Owen, G., Moretti, M. and Alfaro, P. (2011) Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: current understanding and future directions. Sedimentary Geology, v.235, p.133-140.   DOI
7 Posamentier, H.W. and Walker, R.G. (2006) Deep-water turbidites and submarine fans. In Posamentier, H.W. and Walker, R.G. (ed.), Facies Models Revisited. Special Publication, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), v.84, p.397-520.
8 Rajendran, K., Rajendran, C.P., Thakker, M., and Tuttle, M.P. (2001) The 2001 Kachchh (Bhuj) earthquake: coseismic surface features and their significance. Current Science, v.80, p.1397-1405.
9 Rodriguez-Lopez, J.P., Merlendez, N., Soria, A.R., Liesa, C.L. and Van Loon, A.J. (2007) Lateral variability of ancient seismites related to differences in sedimentary facies (the syn-rift Escucha Formation, mid-Cretaceous, Spain). Sedimentary Geology, v.201, p.461-484.   DOI
10 Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A., Calvo, J.P., de Vicente, G. and Gomez-Gras, D. (2000) Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain, and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene. Sedimentary Geology. v.135, p.117-135.   DOI
11 Sims, J.D. (1975) Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments. Tectonophysics, v.29, p.141-152.   DOI
12 Seed, H.B. (1968) Landslides during earthquakes due to soil liquefaction. J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, v.94, p.1055-1122.
13 Carling, P.A. and Leclair, S.F. (2019) Alluvial stratification styles in a large, flash-flood influenced dryland river: theluniriver, Thar Desert, north-West India. Sedimentology, v.66, p.102-128.   DOI
14 Alfaro, P., Delgado, J., Estevez, A., Molina, J.M., Moretti, M. and Soria, J.M. (2002) Liquefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). International Journal of Earth Sciences, v.91, p.505-513.   DOI
15 Allen, J.R.L. (1982) Sedimentary structures: their character and physical basis. Vol. II, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 663p.
16 Castro, G. (1995) Empirical methods in liquefaction analysis. Proc. the First Leonardo Zeevaert Conference, Mexico, p.1-41.
17 Counts, R.C. and Obermeier, S.F. (2012) Subtle seismic signatures, using small-scale features and ground fractures as indicators of paleoseismicity. In R. T. Cox, M. P. Tuttle, O. Boyd, and J. Locat (ed.), Recent Advances in North American Paleoseismology and Neotectonics East of the Rockies, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., v.493, p.203-219.
18 Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R.B. (1967) Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice (2nd ed.) John Wiley, New York. 729p.
19 Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1967) Analysis of soil lquifaction: Niigata earthquake. J. Soil Mech. Found., ASCE SM3, v.93 p.83-108.   DOI
20 Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M. and Arango, I. (1983) Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data. J Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, v.109, p.458-482.   DOI
21 Toro, B. and Pratt, B.R. (2016) Sedimentary record of seismic events in the Eocene Green iver Formation and its implications for regional tectonics on lake evolution Bridger Basin, Wyoming). Sedimentary Geology. v.344, p.175-204.   DOI
22 Torrance, J.K. (1983) Towards a general model of quick clay development. Sedimentology, v.30, p.547-555.   DOI
23 Galli, P. (2000) New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction. Tectonophysics, v.324, p.169-187.   DOI
24 Dalrymple, R.W. (1979) Wave-induced liquefaction: a modern example from the Bay of Fundy. Sedimentology, v.26, p.835-844.   DOI
25 Tsuchida, H. and Hayashi, S. (1971) Estimation of liquefaction potential of sandy soils. Proceedings of the Third Joint Meeting, US-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, UJNR, Tokyo, p.91-109.
26 Tuttle, M.P., Schweig, E.S., Sims, J.D., Lafferty, R.H., Wolf, L.W., and Haynes, M.L. (2002) The earthquake potential of the New Madrid seismic zone. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v.92, p.2080-2089.   DOI
27 Valera, J.E., Traubenik, M.L., Egan, J.A. and Kaneshiro, J.Y. (1994) A practical perspective on liquefaction of gravels. In S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (ed.), Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotech. Special Publication, v.44, p.241-257.
28 van Loon, A.J. (2009) Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclastic sediments: an overview. Geologos, v.15, p.3-55.
29 Dobry, R. (1989) Some basic aspects of soil liquefaction during earthquakes. In Jacob, K.H., and Turkstra, C.J. (ed.), Earthquake Hazards and the Design of Constructed Facilities in the Eastern United States, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v.558, p.172-182.
30 Gawthorpe, R.L. and Leeder, M.R. (2000) Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extension-al basins. Basin Research, v.12, p.195-218.   DOI
31 Gihm, Y.S., Kim, S. W., Ko, K., Choi, J-H., Bae, H., Hong, P.S., Lee, Y., Lee, H., Jin, K., Choi, S.-J., Kim, J.C., Choi, M.S. and Lee, S.R. (2018) Paleoseismological implications of liquefaction-induced structures caused by the 2017 Pohang Earthquake: Geoscience Journal, v.22, p.871-880.   DOI
32 Holzer, T.M. and Clark, M.M., (1993) Sand boils without earthquakes. Geology, 21, 873-876.   DOI
33 Ingersoll, R.V. and Busby, C.J. (1995) Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins. In Busby, C.J. and Ingersoll, R.V. (ed.), Tectonics of sedimentary basins. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, MA, p.1-51.
34 Ishihara, K. (1985) Stability of natural soil deposits during earthquakes. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, v.1, p.321-376.
35 Lee, H.I., Paik, I.S. and Chun, J.H. (2010) Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Jinju Formation in the Sacheon area, Korea: occurrences and origin. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, v.46, p.305-315 (in Korean).
36 Wheeler, R.L. (2002) Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures: criteria from seismic-hazard analysis. In: Ettensohn, F.R., Rast, N., Brett, C.E. (Eds.), Ancient Seismites: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 359, pp. 1-11.
37 Youd, T.L. (1984) Geologic effects - Liquefaction and associated ground failure. Open-File Report 84-760 (U.S. Geological Survey), pp. 210-232.
38 Kang, H.-C., Paik, I.S., Lee, H.I., Lee, J.E. and Chun, J.H. (2010) Soft-sediment deformation structures in Cretaceous non-marine deposits of southeastern Gyeongsang Basin, Korea: Occurrences and origin. Island Arc, v.19, p.628-646.   DOI
39 Ko, K., Kim, S.W., Lee, H.J., Hwang, I.G., Kim, B.C., Kee, W.-S., Kim, Y.-S. and Ghim, Y.S. (2017) Soft sediment deformation structures in a lacustrine sedimentary succession induced by volcano-tectonic activities: An example from the Cretaceous Beolgeumri Formation, Wido Volcanics, Korea. Sedimentary Geology, v.358, p.197-209.   DOI
40 Ko, K., Park, S.-I. and Kwon, C.W. (2015) Soft-sediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Gyeokpori Formation of the Buan area, Korea: Structural characteristics, reconstruction of paleoslope and triggering mechanism of slump. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, v.51, p.545-560 (in Korean with English abstract).   DOI
41 Lee, H.I., Paik, I.S., Kang, H.-C. and Chun, J.H. (2014) Occurrences and origins of soft-sediment deformation structures in the late Pleistocene marine terrace deposits of the southeastern coast of Korea. Geoscience Journal, v.18, p.149-165.   DOI
42 Moretti, M. and Sabato, L. (2007) Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant'Arcangelo Basin (southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading. Sedimentary Geology, v.196, p.31-45.   DOI
43 Leeder, M.R. (1987) Sediment deformation structures and the palaeotectonic analysis of sedimentary basins, with a case-study from the Carboniferous of northern England. In Jones, M.E. and Preston, R.M.F. (ed.), Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Geological Society, London, Special Publication, v.29, p.137-146.
44 Li, Y., Craven, J., Schweig, E.S. and Obermeier, S.F. (1996) Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?. Geology, v.24, p.171-174.   DOI
45 Lowe, D.R. (1975) Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments. Sedimentology, v.22, p.157-204.   DOI
46 Maltman, A.J. and Bolton, A. (2003) How sediments become mobilized. In Van Rensbergen, P., Hillis, R.R., Maltman, A.J. and Morley, C.K. (ed.), Subsurface Sediment Mobilization: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v.216, p.9-20.
47 Matsumoto, D., Naruse, H., Fujino, S., Surphawajruksakul, A., Jarupongsakul, T., Sakakura, N. and Murayama, M. (2008) Truncated flame structures within a deposit of the Indian Ocean Tsunami: evidence of syn-sedimentary deformation. Sedimentology, v.55, p.1559-1570.   DOI
48 Moretti, M., Alfaro, P., Caselles, O. and Canas, J.A. (1999) Modelling seismites with a digital shaking table. Tectonophysics, v.304, p.369-383.   DOI
49 National Research Council (1985) Liquefaction of Soils during Earthquakes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 240p.
50 Nichols, R.J., Sparks, R.S.J. and Wilson, C.J.N. (1994) Experimental studies of the fluidization of layered sediments and the formation of fluid escape structures. Sedimentology, v.41, p.233-253.   DOI
51 Obermeier, S.F. (1996) Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis - an overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes. Engineering Geology, v.44, p.1-76.   DOI
52 Obermeier, S.F. (2009) Using liquefaction-induced and other soft-sediment features for paleoseismic analysis. In McCalpin, J.P. (ed.), Paleoseismology, v.95, p.497-564.