Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2015.48.5.379

Backscatter Data Processing of Multibeam Echo-sounder (300 kHz) Considering the Actual Bottom Slope  

Kim, Tae-Heon (Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University)
Lee, Jeong-Min (Korea Seabed Information (KOSBI) Corporation)
Park, Soo-Chul (Department of Oceanography and Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University)
Publication Information
Economic and Environmental Geology / v.48, no.5, 2015 , pp. 379-390 More about this Journal
Abstract
Multibeam backscatter strength is dependent not only on seafloor sediment facies but also on changed incidence angle due to the actual bottom slope. Therefore, the correction for actual bottom slope should be considered before the analysis of backscatter strength. This paper demonstrates the backscatter correction technique for the actual incidence angle and ensonified area. The target area is a part of the eastern Yellow Sea with water depths of 46~55 m. The area is located between the sand ridges and covered by large dunes with various bottom slopes. The dunes usually have the gentle slopes of about $1{\sim}3^{\circ}$, but show some steep slopes of $5{\sim}15^{\circ}$ on the crest. The backscatter strength values on the crest range from -34 to -23 dB, assuming that the bottom is flat. However, this study shows that the backscatter strength range was somewhat reduced (-32~-25 dB) after correction for actual bottom slope. In addition, the backscatter imagery was significantly improved; high and low backscatter strength values on the crest due to the actual bottom slope were normalized. The results demonstrate that the correction technique in this study is an effective tool for processing backscatter strength.
Keywords
multibeam; backscatter; bottom slope; incidence angle; correction;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Llewellyn, K. (2006) Corrections for beam pattern residuals in basckscatter imagery from the Kongsberg-Simrad EM300 multibeam echosounder, M.Eng. thesis, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
2 Lurton, X. and Lamarche, G. (2015) Backscatter measurements by seafloor-mapping sonars, Marine geological and biological habitat mapping.
3 Mitchell, N.C. (1993) A model for attenuation of backscatter due to sediment accumulations and its application to determine sediment thickness with GLORIA sidescan sonar, J. of Geophysics Research, v.98(B12).
4 Oliveira, A.M.Jr. (2007) Maximizing the coverage and utility of multibeam backscatter for seafloor classification, M.Sc.Eng. thesis, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
5 Parnum, I.M. and Gavrilov, A.N. (2011) High-frequency multibeam echo-sounder measurements of seafloor backscatter in shallow water: Part 2 - Mosaic production, analysis and classification, International Journal of the Society for Underwater Technology, v.30, p.13-26.   DOI
6 Park, S.C., Lee, B.H., Han, H.S., Yoo, D.G. and Lee, C.W. (2006) Late Quaternary stratigraphy and development of tidal sand ridges in the eastern Yellow Sea. J. of Sedimentary Research, v.18, p.689-705.
7 Park, Y.S., Lee, S.J., Seo, W.J., Gong, G.S., Han, H.S. and Park, S.C. (2008) Surficial Sediment Classification using Backscattered Amplitude Imagery of Multibeam Echo Sounder(300 kHz), Econ. Environ. Geol., v.41, p.747-761.
8 Simrad (2006) EM3002 Multibeam echo sounder, Collected paper from Kongsberg, Data sheet.
9 Siwabessy, P.J.W., Gavrilow, A.N., Duncan, A.J. and Parnum, I.M. (2006) Statistical analysis of high-frequency multibeam backscatter data in shallow water, Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2006, 20-22 November 2006, Christchurch, New Zealand.
10 Urgeles, R., Locat, J., Schmitt, T. and Hughes Clarke, J.E. (2002) The July 1996 flood deposit in the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Canada: implications for sources of spatial and temporal backscatter variations. Marine Geology, v.184, p.41-60.   DOI
11 Urick, R.J. (1983) Principles of underwater sound. McGraw-Hill, p.422.
12 Byun, H.S., Chung, C.H., Park, S.O., Lee, B.S., Kwon, Y.I., Choi, E.J., Park, M.H. and Yi, S.H. (2013) Review on paleoenvironments of the Kunsan Basin (northern South Yellow Sea Basin) based on palynofloral assemblage, Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, v.49, no.1, p.145-163.
13 Amiri-Simkooei, A., Snellen, M. and Simons, D.G. (2009) Riverbed sediment classification using multi-beam echo-sounder backscatter data, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., v.126, p.1724-1738.   DOI
14 APL-UW (1994) High frequency ocean environmental acoustic models handbook (APL-UW TR 9407), Seattle, WA: Applied physics laboratory, University of washington.
15 Blondel, P. and Murton, B.J. (1997) Handbook of seafloor sonar imagery, Praxis-Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, England, p.314.
16 Caress, D.W. and Chayes, D.N. (2015) MB-System Version 5, Open source software distributed from the MBARI and L-DEO web sites.
17 CARIS (2015) CARIS HIPS and SIPS 9.0.17 User guide, August.
18 Choi, B.H. and Fang, G. (1993) A review of tidal models for the East china and Yellow Seas, Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers, Journal, v.5, p.151-171.
19 Diaz, J.V.M. (1999) Analysis of multibeam sonar data for the characterization of seafloor habitat, M.Eng. thesis, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
20 Cutter, G.R.Jr., Rzhanov, Y. and Mayer, L.A. (2003) Automated segmentation of seafloor bathymetry from multibeam echosounder data using local Fourier histogram textures features, J. Experim. Mar. Bio. Ecol., v.285-286, p.355-370.   DOI
21 Dufek, T. (2012) Backscatter Analysis of Multibeam Sonar Data in the Area of the Valdivia Fracture Zone using Geocoder in CARIS HIPS&SIPS and IVS3D Fledermaus, M.Sc.Eng. thesis, HafenCity Universitat Hamburg Department Geomatik.
22 Fang, G.H. (1994) Tides and tidal currents in East China Sea, Huanghai Sea and Bohai Sea, Oceanology of China Seas, v.1, p.17-26.
23 Fernandes, W.A. and Chakraborty, B. (2009) Multi-beam backscatter image data processing techniques employed to EM 1002 system, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Electronics (SYMPOL-2009), 18-20 Novemver, Cochin University of Science and Technology, p.93-99.
24 Ferrini, V.L. and Flood, R.D. (2006) The effects of finescale surface roughness and grain size on 300 kHz multibeam backscatter intensity in sandy marine sedimentary environments, Marine Geology, v.228, p.153-172.   DOI
25 Gardner, J.V., Field, M.E. and Lee, H. (1991) Groundtruthing 6.5 kHz side scan sonographs: what are we really imaging? J. of Geophysics Research, v.96, p.5955-5974.   DOI
26 Hammerstad, E. (2000) Backscattering and seabed image reflectivity, Collected paper from Kongsberg, EM Technical Note.
27 Jung, W.Y., Suk, B.C., Min, G.H. and Lee, Y.K. (1998) Sedimentary structure and origin of a mud-cored pseudo-tidal sand ridge, eastern Yellow Sea, Korea. Marine Geology, v.151, p.73-88.   DOI
28 Hughes Clarke, J.E., Danforth, B.W. and Valentine, P. (1997) Areal seabed classification using backscatter angular response at 95kHz, Proceedings of the NATO SACLANT Conference CP-45, Lerici, Italy, 30 June-04 July, 1997.
29 Jackson, D.R., Baird, A.M., Crisp, J.J. and Thomson, P.A.G. (1986) High-frequency bottom backscatter measurements in shallow water, J. of Acoust. Soc. Am., v.80 p.1188-1199.   DOI
30 Jackson, D.R. and Briggs, K.B. (1992) High-frequency bottom backscattering: Roughness versus sediment volume scattering, J. of Acoustical Society of America, v.92(2), p.962-977.   DOI
31 KIGAM (1996) Yellow Sea drilling program for studies on Quaternary geology, KIGAM Research Report KR- 96(T)-18, p.595.
32 Kim, G.Y., Kim, D.C., Kim, S.J., Seo, Y.K., Jung, J.H. and Kim, Y.E. (2000) Physical properties of Southeastern Yellow Sea Mud (SEYSM): Comparison with the East Sea and the South Sea mudbelts of Korea, Journal of the Korea Society of Oceanography, v.5, No.4, p.335-345.
33 Kong, G.S., Kim, S.P., Park, Y.S., Min, G.H., Kim, J.U. and Park, S.C. (2006) Correlation of Simrad EM950 (95 kHz) Multibeam Backscatter Strength with Surficial Sediment Properties in the Sand Ridge of the Eastern Yellow Sea, Econ. Environ. Geol., v.39, p.719-738.
34 KORDI (1982) Marine geology of Asan Bay, Korea, KORDI Research Report BSPE 00041-63-5, p.186.