Browse > Article

Experimental Evaluation of an Analytical Method for Chlorofluorocarbons (CFSs) in Air and Water Using Gas Chromatography  

Koh, Dong-Chan (Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources)
Choi, Beom-Kyu (Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources)
Kim, Yong-Je (Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources)
Publication Information
Economic and Environmental Geology / v.40, no.1, 2007 , pp. 129-140 More about this Journal
Abstract
CFC(CFC-12, CFC-11 and CFC-113) analytical system for air and water was constructed using a customized purge and trap extraction device and a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector. Sampling methods of air and water for CFCs were also established. The analytical system was experimentally optimized to result in reproducibilities of triplicates less than 2% for current air samples and less than 5% for groundwater samples with CFC-12 concentration of 160 to 180 pg/kg, and verified with respect to the CFC system in USGS, which showed analytical results were in agreement within 10%. CFCs in air were monitored at three sites over 19-month period in the central part of South Korea, and the result indicates no significant local sources of CFCs in those areas. For groundwater in Jeju Island, CFCs were measured over a year with a two-month interval. The time-series data showed seasonal fluctuations which could be interpreted by the effect of recharge pulse derived from large amount of rainfall during monsoon period with a few month delay, which indicates high permeability of basaltic rocks in Jeju Island.
Keywords
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons); environmental tracer; gas chromatography; groundwater age; atmospheric halocarbons;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Ekwurzel, B., Schlosser, P., Smethie Jr., W.M., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Michel, R.L., Weppernig, R. and Stute, M. (1994) Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers $^{3}$H/$^{3}$He, chlorofluorocarbons, and $^{85}$Kr. Water Resources Research, v. 30, p. 1693-1708   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Hohener , P., Werner, D., Balsiger, C., and Pasteris G. (2003) Worldwide Occurrence and Fate of Chlorofluorocarbons in Groundwater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, v. 33, p. 1-29   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Kim, J., Oh, S., Cho, H., Park, M., Kim, K., and Elkins, J. W. (2001) Background monitoring and long-range transport of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 79, p. 47-56   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Koh, D.C., Chang, H.W., Lee, K.S., Ko, K.S., Kim, Y. and Park, W.-B. (2005) Hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotopes of groundwater in Jeju volcanic island, Korea: implications for nitrate contamination. Hydrological Processes, v. 19, p. 2225-2245   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Bohlke, J.K., Nelms, D.L., Michel, R.L., and Schlosser, P. (2001) Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, USA: a multi-tracer approach. Chemical Geology, v. 179, p. 93-111   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Drenkard, S., Schlosser, P., Ekwurzel, B., Weppernig, R., McConnell, J.B. and Michel, R.L. (1998) Flow of river water into a Karstic limestone aquifer. 2. Dating the young fraction in groundwater mixtures in the Upper Floridan Aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia. Applied Geochemistry, v. 13, p. 1017-1043   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Bums, D.A., Plummer, L.N., McDonnell, J.J., Busenberg, E., Casile, G.C., Kendall, C., Hooper, R.P., Freer, J.E., Peters, N.E., Beven, K., and Schlosser, P. (2003) The geochemical evolution of riparian groundwater in a forested piedmont catchment. Ground Water, v. 41, p. 913-925   DOI
8 Cook, P.G., Solomon, D.K., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E. and Schiff, S.L. (1995) Chlorofluorocarbons as tracers of groundwater transport processes in a shallow, silty sand aquifer. Water Resources Research, v. 31, p. 425-434   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Koh, D.C. and Lee, D.H. (2003) Evaluation of groundwater sampling techniques for analysis of chlorofluorocarbons. Journal of Korean Society Soil Groundwater Environment, v. 8, p. 1-8
10 Happell, J. D., Price, R. M., Top, Z. and Swart, P. K. (2003) Evidence for the removal of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 at the groundwater-surface water interface in the Everglades. Journal of Hydrology, v. 279, p. 94-105   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Bohlke, J.K., Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L.N. (1999) Principles and Applications of Dating Young Groundwater: Primary Emphasis on CFCs and $^{3}$H/$^{3}$He Dating. U. S. Geological Survey Western Region Workshop. Sacramento, CA, November 16-18, 790p
12 Bu, X. and Warner, M.J. (1995) Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Research, v. 42, p. 1151-1161   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Bullister, J.L. and Weiss, R.F. (1988)Determination of $CCl_{3}$F and $CCl_{2}$$F_{2}$ in seawater and air. Deep-Sea Research, v. 35, p. 839-853   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Koh, D.C. and Kim, Y. (2004) Characterization of groundwater flow and quality using multi-tracers in Jeju Island. Proceedings of Korean Society Soil Groundwater Environment, fall conference
15 Dunkle, S.A., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Phillips, P.J., Denver, J.M., Hamilton, P.A., Michel, R.L., and Coplen, T.B. (1993) Chlorofluorocarbons ($CCl_{3}$F and $CCl_{2}$$F_{2}$) as dating tools and hydrologic tracers in shallow groundwater of the Delmarva Peninsula, Atlantic Coastal Plain, United States. Water Resources Research, v. 29, p. 3837-3860   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Koh, D.C., Plummer, L.N., Solomon, D.K., Busenberg, E., Kim, Y.J., and Chang, H.W. (2006) Application of environmental tracers to mixing, evolution, and nitrate contamination of groundwater in Jeju Island, Korea. Journal of Hydrology, v. 327, p. 258-275   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Reilly, T.E., Plummer, L.N., Phillips, P.J. and Busenberg, E. (1994) The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer. Water Resources Research, v. 30, p. 421-433   DOI
18 Snyder, J.L. (2004) Environmental applications of gas chromatography: In Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography, 4th Ed., Grob, R.L., Barry, E.F. (eds), John Wiley & Sons, p. 769-881
19 Bohlke, J.K. and Denver, J.M. (1995) Combined use of groundwater dating, chemical, and isotopic analyses to resolve the history and fate of nitrate contamination in two agricultural watersheds, Atlantic coastal plain, Maryland. Water Resources Research v. 31, p. 2319-2339   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Warner, M.J. and Weiss, R.F. (1985) Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater. DeepSea Research, v. 32, p. 1485-1497
21 Burton, W.C., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B.D. and Gburek, W.J. (2002) Influence of fracture anisotropy on groundwater ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania. Ground Water, v. 40, p. 242-257   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L.N. (1992) Use of chlorofluorocarbons ($CCl_{3}$F and $CCl_{2}$$F_{2}$) as hydrologic tracers and age-dating tools: the alluvium and terrace system of central Oklahoma. Water Resources Research, v. 28, p. 2257-2283   DOI
23 Szabo, Z., Rice, D.E., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Drenkard, S., and Schlosser, P. (1996) Age-dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey coastal plain. Water Resources Research, v. 32, p. 1023-1038   DOI