Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2017.24.4.038

A Comparative Study of Optimal Stretch Intensity For Flexibility of Hamstrings; Hand Held Dynamometer and Verbal Rating Scale  

Choi, Bong-sam (Dept of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Woosong University)
Publication Information
Physical Therapy Korea / v.24, no.4, 2017 , pp. 38-45 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: To improve muscle flexibility, static stretch is the most common type and is considered safe and effective for improving overall flexibility of muscles. During the stretch, the intensity is more likely to be determined by the degree of an athlete's pain and practitioner's skills rather than quantitative measures of stretch. It is necessary to determine the optimal intensity for the stretch. Objects: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between hand held dynamometer (HHD) and verbal rating scale (VRS) in comparison of the effects of continuance time on active (walking) and inactive (sitting) movement after static stretch. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample (n=62) recruited from a university. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 different groups (n=31 for each group) based on participants' positions either remaining in sitting or freely walking around for a series of re-assessments. Data was collected at pre-warm up, pre-stretch, post-stretch, and additional assessments at the time of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after the stretch. Results: Relationship between VRS and HHD scores represents very weak correlation (Spearman's p=-.16, p>.05). Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted following the logarithmic transformation of the two scores. Pearson's correlation after the transformation still showed a very low relationship and a poor linear relationship between the two scores (Pearson's r=-.18, p>.05). Conclusion: The optimal intensity for stretch cannot be solely determined by the subjective pain perception. The objective measurement such as HHD could be used in conjunction with the pain perception.
Keywords
Athelete; Measurement; Muscle stretch exercise; Range of motion;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Abdel-aziem AA, Draz AH, Mosaad DM, et al. Effect of body position and type of stretch on hamstring flexibility. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2013;2:399-406.   DOI
2 Anderson B, Burke ER. Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretch. Clin Sports Med. 1991;10(1):63-86.
3 Apostolopoulos N, Metsios GS, Flouris AD, et al. The relevance of stretch intensity and position-a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1128. http://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.01128
4 Baldwin KM, Haddad F, Pandorf CE, et al. Alterations in muscle mass and contractile phenotype in response to unloading models: Role of transcriptional/pretranslational mechanisms. Front Physiol. 2013;4:1-13. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00284
5 Bandy WD, Irion JM. The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1994;74(9):845-850.   DOI
6 Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretch on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997;77(10):1090-1096.   DOI
7 Beaulieu JE. Developing a stretch Program. Phys Sports med. 1981;9(11):59-69.
8 Cipriani D, Abel B, Pirrwitz D. A comparison of two stretch protocols on hip range of motion: Implications for total daily stretch duration. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(2):274-278.   DOI
9 Borms J, Van Roy P, Santens JP, et al. "Optimal duration of static stretch exercises for improvement of coxo-femoral flexibility." J Sports Sci 1987;5(1):39-47.   DOI
10 Brand PW. Clinical Mechanics of the Hand. 1st ed. St Louis, MO Mosby, 1984:72-77.
11 Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl SO. Prevention of soccer injuries. Supervision by doctor and physiotherapist. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11(3):116-120.   DOI
12 Faulkner SH, Ferguson RA, Gerrett N, et al. Reducing muscle temperature drop after warm-up improves sprint cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(2):359-365. http://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826fba7f   DOI
13 Freitas SR, Vaz JR, Bruno PM, et al. stretch effects: High-intensity & moderate-duration vs. low-intensity & long-duration. Int J Sports Med. 2016;37(3):239-244. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1548946   DOI
14 Hortobagyi T, Faludi J, Tihanyi J, et al. Effects of intense "stretch"-flexibility training on the mechanical profile of the knee extensors and on the range of motion of the hip joint. Int J Sports Med 1985;6(6):317-321.   DOI
15 Freitas SR, Vilarinho D, Rocha Vaz J, et al. Responses to static stretch are dependent on stretch intensity and duration. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2015;35(6):478-484. http://doi.org/10.111/cpf.12186   DOI
16 Froske U, Tsay A, Allen T. Muscle thixotrophy as a tool in the study of proprioception. Exp Brain Res. 2014;232(11):3397-3412. http://doi.org.10.1007/s00221-014-4088-5   DOI
17 Guissard N, Duchateau J. Neural aspects of muscle stretch. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2006;34(4):154-158.   DOI
18 McHugh MP, Cosgrave CH. To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretch in injury prevention and performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(2):169-181. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01058.x   DOI
19 Jacobs CA, Sciascia AD. Factors that influence the efficacy of stretch programs for patients with hypomobility. Sports Health. 2011;3(6):520-523.   DOI
20 Knudson D. The biomechanics of stretch. J Exerc Sci Phys. 2006;2:3-12.
21 Nelson AG, Driscoll NM, Landin DK, et al. Acute effects of passive muscle stretch on sprint performance. J Sports Sci. 2005;23(5):449-454.   DOI
22 Nikolaou PK, Macdonald BL, Glisson RR, et al. Biomechanical and histological evaluation of muscle after controlled strain injury. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(1):9-14. http://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001730205   DOI
23 Proske U. The role of muscle proprioceptors in human limb position sense: A hypothesis. J Anat. 2015;227(2):178-183. http://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12289   DOI
24 O'Shea SD, Taylor NE, Paratz JD. Measuring muscle strength for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Retest reliability of hand-held dynamometry. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(1):32-36.   DOI
25 Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Hoffman MA. The hoffmann reflex: Methodologic considerations and applications for use in sports medicine and athletic training research. J Athl Train. 2004;39(3):268-277.
26 Petersen J, Holmich P. Evidence based prevention of hamstring injuries in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(6):319-323.   DOI
27 Riddle DL, Finucane SD, Rothstein JM, et al. Intrasession and intersession reliability of hand-held dynamometer measurements taken on brain-damaged patients. Phys Ther. 1989;69(3):182-194.   DOI
28 Smith CA. The warm-up procedure: To stretch or not to stretch. A brief review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19(1):12-17.   DOI
29 Sady SP, Wortman M, Blanke D. Flexibility training: ballistic, static or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63(6):261-263.
30 Safran MR, Garrett WE Jr, Seaber AV, et al. The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16(2):123-129.   DOI
31 Vernooij CA, Reynolds RF, Lakie M. Physiological tremor reveals how thixotropy adapts skeletal muscle for posture and movement. R Soc Open Sci. 2016;3(5):160065. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160065   DOI
32 Wallin D, Ekblom B, Grahn R, et al. Improvement of muscle flexibility. A comparison between two techniques. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13(4):263-268.   DOI
33 Young W, Elias G, Power J. Effects of static stretch volume and intensity on plantar flexor explosive force production and range of motion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006;46(3):403-411.
34 Witvrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L, et al. Stretch and injury prevention: An obscure relationship. Sports Med. 2004;34(7):443-449.   DOI
35 Worrell TW, Smith TL, Winegardner J. Effect of hamstring stretch on hamstring muscle performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;20(3):154-159.   DOI