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http://dx.doi.org/10.7740/kjcs.2022.67.4.305

Pharmacological Effects and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Panax ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum  

Sol Jung (The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine)
Sang Joon An (The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine)
Yeong In Kim (The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine)
Hyo Jin Ju (The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine)
Sang-Yeop Yi (The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine)
Doo Young Kim (The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE / v.67, no.4, 2022 , pp. 305-318 More about this Journal
Abstract
To minimize the effects of aging-related comorbidities and to maintain a good quality of life and physical independence for a longer period, the improvement of lifestyle and dietary habits is essential, and healthy foods can be helpful. Among them, medicinal plant such as ginseng (Panax ginseng) and bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum) contain natural functional substances and have been used for disease treatment and prevention since ancient times. This review summarizes the scientific of these treatments basis by investigating the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic effects of major functional substances on the aging-related health effects of Panax ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum. The main functional substances of Panax ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorum are saponins, which have a similar molecular structure and confirmed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-metabolic syndrome effects (improvement of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity). Both types of saponins in Panax ginseng (Ginseonside) and Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycoside) have very low absorption profiles in their purified state, but methods to increase absorption in the body through extraction or fermentation have been studied.
Keywords
Ginsenoside; Panax ginseng; Platycodon grandiflorum; Platycoside;
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85 Kim, J. H. 2018. Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res. 42(3) : 264-269. doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.10.004   DOI
86 Kim, M.-H., Y.-C. Lee, S.-Y. Choi, C.-W. Cho, and J.-H. Rho. 2009. Characteristics of Acid Pre-treated Red Ginseng and Its Decoction. Journal of Ginseng Research 33(4) : 343-348.   DOI
87 Kim, J. H., Y. S. Yi, M. Y. Kim, and J. Y. Cho. 2017b. Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases. J Ginseng Res. 41(4) : 435-443. doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.004   DOI
88 Kim, J. W., S. W. Han, J. Y. Cho, I. J. Chung, J. G. Kim, K. H. Lee, K. U. Park, S. K. Baek, S. C. Oh, M. A. Lee, D. Oh, B. Shim, J. B. Ahn, D. Shin, J. W. Lee, and Y. H. Kim. 2020. Korean red ginseng for cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer patients with chemotherapy: A randomised phase III trial. Eur J Cancer. 130 : 51-62. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.018   DOI
89 Kim, K.-S., E.-K. Seo, Y.-C. Lee, T.-K. Lee, Y.-W. Cho, O. Ezaki, and C.-H. Kim. 2000. Effect of dietary Platycodon grandiflorum on the improvement of insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 11(9) : 420-424.   DOI
90 Kim, M.-O., D.-O. Moon, Y. H. Choi, D. Y. Shin, H. S. Kang, B. T. Choi, J.-D. Lee, W. Li, and G.-Y. Kim. 2008. Platycodin D induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells. Cancer Letters 261(1) : 98-107.   DOI
91 Kim, S.-H. 2011. A Study on the Saponin Contents and Antioxidant Activity of the Ginseng and Extruded Ginseng by Using Different Solvents for Extraction. The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition 24(4) : 528-534.   DOI
92 Kim, T.-W., H.-K. Lee, I.-B. Song, M.-S. Kim, Y.-H. Hwang, J.-H. Lim, S.-J. Park, S.-W. Lee, J.-W. Kim, and H.-I. Yun. 2012. Protective effect of the aqueous extract from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on cholestasis-induced hepatic injury in mice. Pharmaceutical Biology 50(12) : 1473-1478.   DOI
93 Ko, S.-K., C.-R. Lee, Y.-E. Choi, B.-O. Im, J.-H. Sung, and K.-R. Yoon. 2003. Analysis of ginsenosides of white and red ginseng concentrates. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 35(3) : 536-539.
94 Kim, T. H., B. E. Lee, E. J. Kim, Y. S. Choi, K. S. Lee, H. R. Kim, and H. G. Kim. 2014. Determination of platycodin D and platycodin D3 in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Scientific World Journal 2014 : 231293. doi:10.1155/2014/231293   DOI
95 Kim, Y. J., E.-Y. Kwon, J.-W. Kim, Y. Lee, R. Ryu, J. Yun, M. Kim, and M.-S. Choi. 2019b. Intervention study on the efficacy and safety of platycodon grandiflorus ethanol extract in overweight or moderately obese adults: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients 11(10) : 2445.
96 Kim, Y. P., E. B. Lee, S. Y. Kim, D. Li, H. S. Ban, S. S. Lim, K. H. Shin, and K. Ohuchi. 2001. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by platycodin D isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Planta Medica. 67(4) : 362-364.   DOI
97 Ko, S.-R., K.-J. Choi, S.-C. Kim, and K.-W. Han. 1995. Content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species. Korean Journal of Ginseng Science 19 : 254-259.
98 Kong, Y. H., Y. C. Lee, and S. Y. Choi. 2009. Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Phenolic Compounds in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Journal of Ginseng Research 33(2) : 111-114.   DOI
99 Kwon, D. Y., Y. S. Kim, S. M. Hong, and S. Park. 2008. Long-term consumption of saponins derived from Platycodi radix (22 years old) enhances hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in 90% pancreatectomized diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 101(3) : 358-366.   DOI
100 Kwon, H.-J., Y.-j. Cho, and M.-D. Kim. 2017. Enhancement of Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rg5 Contents in an Extract of Wood-cultivated Ginseng by Lactobacillus plantarum. Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters 45(4) : 305-310.   DOI
101 Kwon, Y. J., S. N. Jang, K. H. Liu, and D. H. Jung. 2020. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Cholesterol Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women with Hypercholesterolemia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 12(11). doi:10.3390/nu12113423   DOI
102 Lee, E. J., M. Kang, and Y. S. Kim. 2012a. Platycodin D inhibits lipogenesis through AMPKα-PPARγ2 in 3T3-L1 cells and modulates fat accumulation in obese mice. Planta Medica 78(14) : 1536-1542.   DOI
103 Lee, H.-Y., G.-H. Lee, H.-K. Kim, and H.-J. Chae. 2019. Platycodi Radix and its active compounds ameliorate against house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation and ER stress and ROS by enhancing anti-oxidation. Food and Chemical Toxicology 123 : 412-423.   DOI
104 Lee, H., S. Bae, Y. S. Kim, and Y. Yoon. 2011a. WNT/β-catenin pathway mediates the anti-adipogenic effect of platycodin D, a natural compound found in Platycodon grandiflorum. Life Sciences 89(11-12) : 388-394.   DOI
105 Lee, H. M., O. H. Lee, K. J. Kim, and B. Y. Lee. 2012b. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes glucose uptake through activated AMPK pathway in insulin-resistant muscle cells. Phytother Res. 26(7) : 1017-1022. doi:10.1002/ptr.3686   DOI
106 Lee, J.-H., Y.-H. Choi, H.-S. Kang, and B.-T. Choi. 2004. An aqueous extract of Platycodi radix inhibits LPS-induced NF-κ B nuclear translocation in human cultured airway epithelial cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 13(6) : 843-847.
107 Lee, S. A., H. K. Jo, M. C. Sung, S. H. Cho, Y. C. Song, B. O. Im, and S. K. Ko. 2012c. Changes in the Contents of Prosapogenin in Ginseng Radix Palva (Panax ginseng) Depending on the Extracting Conditions. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy 43(2) : 152-156.
108 Liu, L., M. K. Vollmer, A. S. Ahmad, V. M. Fernandez, H. Kim, and S. Dore. 2019. Pretreatment with Korean red ginseng or dimethyl fumarate attenuates reactive gliosis and confers sustained neuroprotection against cerebral hypoxic-ischemic damage by an Nrf2-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med. 131 : 98-114. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.017   DOI
109 Li, C. T., H. B. Wang, and B. J. Xu. 2013. A comparative study on anticoagulant activities of three Chinese herbal medicines from the genus Panax and anticoagulant activities of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2. Pharm Biol. 51(8) : 1077-1080. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.775164   DOI
110 Li, X. Y., J. Liang, Y. B. Tang, J. G. Zhou, and Y. Y. Guan. 2010. Ginsenoside Rd prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 37(2) : 199-204.   DOI
111 Liu, M. Y., F. Liu, Y. L. Gao, J. N. Yin, W. Q. Yan, J. G. Liu, and H. J. Li. 2021. Pharmacological activities of ginsenoside Rg5 (Review). Exp Ther Med. 22(2) : 840. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10272   DOI
112 Liu, X., L. Wang, A. Wen, J. Yang, Y. Yan, Y. Song, X. Liu, H. Ren, Y. Wu, Z. Li, W. Chen, Y. Xu, L. Li, J. Xia, and G. Zhao. 2012. Ginsenoside-Rd improves outcome of acute ischaemic stroke - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Eur J Neurol. 19(6) : 855-863. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03634.x   DOI
113 Madaevа, I., N. Semenova, L. Kolesnikova, and S. Kolesnikov. 2021. Aging and cognitive disorders from the somnology's viewpoint. Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii, 34(2) : 195-201.
114 Nam, Y., S. J. Shin, Y. H. Park, M.-J. Kim, S. G. Jeon, H. Lee, Y. Choi, T.-J. Kim, S. M. Shin, and J.-J. Kim. 2021. Platycodon grandiflorum Root Protects against Aβ-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Pathology in Female Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants 10(2) : 207.
115 Lee, Y., Y. Jin, W. Lim, S. Ji, S. Choi, S. Jang, and S. Lee. 2003. A ginsenoside-Rh1, a component of ginseng saponin, activates estrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 84(4) : 463-468.   DOI
116 Lee, S. E., I. Shim, G. S. Kim, S. V. Yim, H. J. Park, H. S. Shim, M. S. Ye, and S. Y. Kim. 2011b. he Neuroprotective Effect of White Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) on the Trimethyltin (TMT)-Induced Memory Deficit Rats. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 19(6) : 456-463.   DOI