Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.13088/jiis.2014.20.1.035

Bankruptcy Forecasting Model using AdaBoost: A Focus on Construction Companies  

Heo, Junyoung (Department of Computer Engineering, Hansung University)
Yang, Jin Yong (Department of Computer Engineering, Hansung University)
Publication Information
Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems / v.20, no.1, 2014 , pp. 35-48 More about this Journal
Abstract
According to the 2013 construction market outlook report, the liquidation of construction companies is expected to continue due to the ongoing residential construction recession. Bankruptcies of construction companies have a greater social impact compared to other industries. However, due to the different nature of the capital structure and debt-to-equity ratio, it is more difficult to forecast construction companies' bankruptcies than that of companies in other industries. The construction industry operates on greater leverage, with high debt-to-equity ratios, and project cash flow focused on the second half. The economic cycle greatly influences construction companies. Therefore, downturns tend to rapidly increase the bankruptcy rates of construction companies. High leverage, coupled with increased bankruptcy rates, could lead to greater burdens on banks providing loans to construction companies. Nevertheless, the bankruptcy prediction model concentrated mainly on financial institutions, with rare construction-specific studies. The bankruptcy prediction model based on corporate finance data has been studied for some time in various ways. However, the model is intended for all companies in general, and it may not be appropriate for forecasting bankruptcies of construction companies, who typically have high liquidity risks. The construction industry is capital-intensive, operates on long timelines with large-scale investment projects, and has comparatively longer payback periods than in other industries. With its unique capital structure, it can be difficult to apply a model used to judge the financial risk of companies in general to those in the construction industry. Diverse studies of bankruptcy forecasting models based on a company's financial statements have been conducted for many years. The subjects of the model, however, were general firms, and the models may not be proper for accurately forecasting companies with disproportionately large liquidity risks, such as construction companies. The construction industry is capital-intensive, requiring significant investments in long-term projects, therefore to realize returns from the investment. The unique capital structure means that the same criteria used for other industries cannot be applied to effectively evaluate financial risk for construction firms. Altman Z-score was first published in 1968, and is commonly used as a bankruptcy forecasting model. It forecasts the likelihood of a company going bankrupt by using a simple formula, classifying the results into three categories, and evaluating the corporate status as dangerous, moderate, or safe. When a company falls into the "dangerous" category, it has a high likelihood of bankruptcy within two years, while those in the "safe" category have a low likelihood of bankruptcy. For companies in the "moderate" category, it is difficult to forecast the risk. Many of the construction firm cases in this study fell in the "moderate" category, which made it difficult to forecast their risk. Along with the development of machine learning using computers, recent studies of corporate bankruptcy forecasting have used this technology. Pattern recognition, a representative application area in machine learning, is applied to forecasting corporate bankruptcy, with patterns analyzed based on a company's financial information, and then judged as to whether the pattern belongs to the bankruptcy risk group or the safe group. The representative machine learning models previously used in bankruptcy forecasting are Artificial Neural Networks, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) and, the Support Vector Machine (SVM). There are also many hybrid studies combining these models. Existing studies using the traditional Z-Score technique or bankruptcy prediction using machine learning focus on companies in non-specific industries. Therefore, the industry-specific characteristics of companies are not considered. In this paper, we confirm that adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) is the most appropriate forecasting model for construction companies by based on company size. We classified construction companies into three groups - large, medium, and small based on the company's capital. We analyzed the predictive ability of AdaBoost for each group of companies. The experimental results showed that AdaBoost has more predictive ability than the other models, especially for the group of large companies with capital of more than 50 billion won.
Keywords
Bankruptcy Forecasting; Construction; AdaBoost; Z-Score;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Alfaro, E., N. Garcia, M. Gamez, and D. Elizondo, "Bankruptcy forecasting: An empirical comparison of AdaBoost and neural networks," Decision Support Systems, Vol.45, No.1(2008), 110-122.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Min, J. H. and Y. C. Lee, "Bankruptcy prediction using support vector machine with optimal choice of kernel function parameters," Expert Systems with Applications Vol.28, No.4 (2005), 603-614.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 CERIK(Construction Economy Research Institute of Korea), 2013 Construction Market Outlook Report, 2012.
4 Freund, Y. and R. E. Schapire, "A desiciontheoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting," Computational learning theory, Vol. 904(1995), 23-37.   DOI
5 Kim, M. J., "Ensemble Learning for Solving Data Imbalance in Bankruptcy Prediction," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol.15, No.3(2009), 1-15.
6 NICE, Credit Information Service, Available at http://www.nicednb.com (Accessed 10 March, 2014).
7 Shin, K. S., T. S. Lee, and H. J. Kim, "An application of support vector machines in bankruptcy prediction model," Expert Systems with Applications, Vol.28, No.1(2005), 127-135.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Shin, T. S. and T. H. Hong, "Corporate Credit Rating based on Bankruptcy Probability Using AdaBoost Algorithm-based Support Vector Machine," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol.17, No. 3(2011), 25-41.
9 Sun, J., B. Liao, and H. Li, "AdaBoost and Bagging Ensemble Approaches with Neural Network as Base Learner for Financial Distress Prediction of Chinese Construction and Real Estate Companies," Recent Patents on Computer Science, Vol.2013, No.6(2013), 47-59.
10 Tae, C. W. and K. S. Shin, "GA-based Normalization Approach in Back-propagation Neural Network for Bankruptcy Prediction Modeling," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol.16, No.3(2010), 1-14.
11 Wilson, R. L. and R. Sharda, "Bankruptcy prediction using neural networks," Decision Support Systems Vol.11, No.5(1994), 545-557.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Altman, E. I., "Predicting financial distress ofcompanies: revisiting the Z-score and ZETA models," Stern School of Business, New York University (2000), 9-12.
13 Verikas, A, Z. Kalsyte, M. Becauskiene, and A. Gelzinis, "Hybrid and ensemble-based soft computing techniques in bankruptcy prediction: a survey," Soft Computing Vol.14, No.9 (2010), 995-1010.   DOI