Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9729/AM.2016.46.1.37

Tunable Nanostructure of TiO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite for High Photocatalysis  

He, Di (Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology)
Li, Yongli (Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology)
Wang, Jinshu (Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology)
Yang, Yilong (Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology)
An, Qier (Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology)
Publication Information
Applied Microscopy / v.46, no.1, 2016 , pp. 37-44 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study $TiO_2$/reduced graphene oxide ($TiO_2/rGO$) bipyramid with tunable nanostructure was fabricated by two-step solvothermal process and subsequent heat-treatment in air. The as-synthesized anatase $TiO_2$ nanocrystals possessed morphological bipyramid with exposed dominantly by (101) facets. Polyethylenimine was utilized during the combination of $TiO_2$ and graphene oxide (GO) to tune the surface charge, hindering the restack of graphene during solvothermal process and resulting in 1 to 5 layers of rGO wrapped on $TiO_2$ surface. After a further calcination, a portion of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with a diameter about 2 nm were produced owing to the oxidizing and cutting of rGO on $TiO_2$. The as-prepared $TiO_2/rGO$ hybrid showed a highly photocatalytic activity, which is about 3.2 and 7.7 times enhancement for photodegradation of methyl orange with compared to pure $TiO_2$ and P25, respectively. We assume that the improvement of photocatalysis is attributed to the chemical bonding between rGO/CQDs and $TiO_2$ that accelerates photogenerated electron-hole pair separation, as well as enhances light harvest.
Keywords
$TiO_2$; Graphene wrapping; Carbon quantum dots; Photodegradation;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Allen M J, Tung V C, and Kaner R B (2009) Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene. Chem. Rev. 110, 132-145.
2 Cao A, Liu Z, Chu S, Wu M, Ye Z, Cai Z, Chang Y L, Wang S F, Gong Q H, and Liu Y F (2010) A facile one-step method to produce graphene-CdS quantum dot nanocomposites as promising optoelectronic materials. Adv. Mater. 22, 103-106.   DOI
3 Cargnello M, Gordon T R, and Murray C B (2014) Solution-phase synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanocrystals. Chem. Rev. 114, 9319-9345.   DOI
4 Chen H, Nanayakkara C E, and Grassian V H (2012) Titanium dioxide photocatalysis in atmospheric chemistry. Chem. Rev. 112, 5919-5948.   DOI
5 Dey R S, Hajra S, Sahu R K, Raj C R, and Panigrahi M K ( 2012) A rapid room temperature chemical route for the synthesis of graphene: metal-mediated reduction of graphene oxide. Chem. Commun. 48, 1787-1789.   DOI
6 Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Zaleska A, and Bein T (2014) Three-dimensional titanium dioxide nanomaterials. Chem. Rev. 114, 9487-9558.   DOI
7 Jiang B J, Tian C G, Zhou W, Wang J Q, Xie Y, Pan Q J, Ren Z Y, Dong Y Z, Fu D, Han J L, and Fu H G (2011) In situ growth of $TiO_2$ in interlayers of expanded graphite for the fabrication of $TiO_2$-graphene with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chem. Eur. J. 17, 8379-8387.   DOI
8 K A J, Naduvath J, Mallick S, Shripathi T, Thankamoniamma M, and Philip R R (2015) A novel cost effective fabrication technique for highly preferential oriented $TiO_2$ nanotubes. Nanoscale 7, 20386-20390.   DOI
9 Kim H I, Moon G H, Monllor-Satoca D, Park Y, and Choi W Y (2012) Solar photoconversion using graphene/$TiO_2$ composites: nanographene shell on $TiO_2$ core versus $TiO_2$ nanoparticles on graphene sheet. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 1535-1543.   DOI
10 Li Q, Guo B D, Yu J G, Ran J G, Zhang B H, Yan H J, and Gong J R (2011) Highlyeffi cient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production of CdS-cluster-decorated graphene nanosheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 10878-10884.   DOI
11 Li W, Wang F, Feng S H, Wang J X, Sun Z K, Li B, Li Y H, Yang J P, Elzatahry A A, Xia Y Y, and Zhao D Y (2013) Sol-gel design strategy for ultradispersed $TiO_2$ nanoparticles on graphene for high-performance lithium ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 18300-18303.   DOI
12 Li W, Wang F, Liu Y P, Wang J X, Yang J P, Zhang L J, Elzatahry A A, Al-Enizi A M, Xia Y Y, and Zhao D Y (2015b) General strategy to synthesize uniform mesoporous $TiO_2$/graphene/mesoporous $TiO_2$ sandwichlike nanosheets for highly reversible lithium storage. Nano Lett. 15, 2186-2193.   DOI
13 Li Y L, Wang J S, Yang Y L, Zhang Y, He D, An Q E, and Cao G Z (2015a) Seed-induced growing various $TiO_2$ nanostructures on g-$C_3N_4$ nanosheets with much enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. J. Hazard. Mater. 292, 79-89.   DOI
14 Qiu B C, Zhou Y, Ma Y F, Yang X L, Sheng W Q, Xing M Y, and Zhang J L (2015) Facile synthesis of the $Ti^{3+}$ self-doped $TiO_2$-graphene nanosheet composites with enhanced photocatalysis. Sci. Rep. 5, 1-6.
15 Liu Y, Che R C, Chen G, Fan J W, Sun Z K, Wu Z X, Wang M H, Li B, Wei J, Wei Y, Wang G, Guan G Z, Elzatahry A A, Bagabas A A, Al-Enizi A M, Deng Y H, Peng H S, and Zhao D Y (2015) Radially oriented mesoporous $TiO_2$ microspheres with single-crystal-like anatase walls for high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500166.   DOI
16 Ma J, Qiang L, Tang X, and Li H (2010) A simple and rapid method to directly synthesize $TiO_2$/SBA-16 with different $TiO_2$ loading and its photocatalytic degradation performance on rhodamine B. Catal. Lett. 138, 88-95.   DOI
17 Paredes J I, Villar-Rodil S, Solis-Fernandez P, Martinez-Alonso A, and Tascon J M D (2009) Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of graphene nanosheets derived from graphite oxide. Langmuir 25, 5957-5968.   DOI
18 Tang Z H, Shen S L, Zhuang J, and Wang X (2010) Noble-metal-promoted three-dimensional macroassembly of single-layered graphene oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 122, 4707-4711.   DOI
19 Thakur S and Karak N (2012) Green reduction of graphene oxide by aqueous phytoextracts. Carbon 50, 5331-5339.   DOI
20 Tu W G, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Yan S C, Bao S S, Wang X Y, Xiao M, and Zou Z G (2013) An in situ simultaneous reduction-hydrolysis technique for fabrication of $TiO_2$-graphene 2D sandwich-Like hybrid nanosheets: graphene-promoted selectivity of photocatalytic-driven hydrogenation and coupling of $CO_2$ into methane and ethane. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 1743-1749.   DOI
21 Wu H B, Hng H H, and Lou X W D (2012) Direct synthesis of anatase $TiO_2$ nanowires with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Adv. Mater. 24, 2567-2571.   DOI
22 Wang D H, Choi D, Li J, Yang Z G, Nie Z, Kou R, Hu D H, Wang C M, Saraf L V, Zhang J G, Aksay I A, and Liu J (2009) Self-assembled $TiO_2$-graphene hybrid nanostructures for enhanced li-Ion insertion. ACS Nano 3, 907-914.   DOI
23 Wang L and Sasaki T (2014) Titanium oxide nanosheets: graphene analogues with versatile functionalities. Chem. Rev. 114, 9455-9486.   DOI
24 Wang X D, Li Z D, Shi J, and Yu Y H (2014) One-dimensional titanium dioxide nanomaterials: nanowires, nanorods, and nanobelts. Chem. Rev. 114, 9346-9384.   DOI
25 Xiu Z L, X P Hao, Wu Y Z, Lu Q F, and Liu S W (2015) Graphene-bonded and-encapsulated mesoporous $TiO_2$ microspheres as a highperformance anode material for lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 287, 334-340.   DOI
26 Xu Y X, Sheng K X, Li C, and Shi G Q (2010) Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process. ACS Nano 4, 4324-4330.   DOI
27 Yang H G, Liu G, Qiao S Z, Sun C H, Jin Y G, Smith S C, Zou J, Cheng H M, and Lu G Q (2009) Solvothermal synthesis and photoreactivity of anatase $TiO_2$ nanosheets with dominant {001} facets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4078-4083.   DOI
28 Yang H G, Sun C H, Qiao S Z, Zou J, Liu G, Smith S C, Cheng H M, and Lu G Q (2008) Anatase $TiO_2$ single crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets. Nature 453, 638-641.   DOI
29 Yu J G, Wang S H, Low J X, and Xiao W (2013) Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-$C_3N_4$-$TiO_2$ photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 16883-16890.   DOI
30 Zhang H, Lv X J, Li Y M, Wang Y, and Li J H (2009) P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS nano 4, 380-386.
31 Zhang J, Xiong Z, and Zhao X S (2011) Graphene-metal-oxide composites for the degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 3634-3640.   DOI
32 Zhang X F, Zhang B Y, Huang D K, Yuan H L, Wang M K, and Shen Y (2014) $TiO_2$ nanotubes modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Carbon 80, 591-598.   DOI
33 Zhang Y P and Pan C X (2011) $TiO_2$/graphene composite from thermal reaction of graphene oxide and its photocatalytic activity in visible light. J. Mater. Sci. 46, 2622-2626.   DOI
34 Zou L, Qiao Y, Wu X S, Ma C X, Lia X, and Li C M (2015) Synergistic effect of titanium dioxide nanocrystal/reduced graphene oxide hybrid on enhancement of microbial electrocatalysis. J. Power Sources 276, 208-214.   DOI