Browse > Article

Sequential Changes of Pericarp Ultrastructure in Citrus reticulata Hesperidium  

Kim, In-Sun (Biology Department, Keimyung University)
Publication Information
Applied Microscopy / v.33, no.1, 2003 , pp. 79-92 More about this Journal
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes of the pericarp in Citrus reticulata has been investigated during hesperidium abscission. The pericarp was composed of compactly arranged parenchyma cell layers during early stages of fruit development. The outermost exocarp was green and active in photosynthesis. However, cells in the exocarp soon changed into collenchyma cells by developing unevenly thickened walls within a short time frame. As the fruit approached maturation, the chlorophyll gradually disappeared and chloroplasts were transformed into carotenoid-rich chromoplasts. In the mature fruit the exocarp consisted of large, lobed collenchyma cells with primary pit fields and numerous plasmodesmata. The immature mesocarp was a relatively hard and thick layer, located directly under the exocarp. With development, the deeper layers of the exocarp merged into the white, spongy mesocarp. Before separation of the hesperidium from the plant, some unusual features were detected in the plasma membrane of the exocarp cells. The number of small vacuoles and dark, irregular osmiophilic lipid bodies also increased enormously in the exocarp collenchyma after the abscission. They occurred between the plasma membrane and the wall, and invaginated pockets of the plasma membrane containing double-membraned vesicles were also frequently noticed. The lipid bodies in the cytoplasm were often associated with other organelles, especially with plastids and mitochondria. The plastids, which were irregular or amoeboid in shape, contained numerous large lipid droplets, and occasional clusters of phytoferritin, as well as few loosely -oriented peripheral lamellae. Myelin-like configurations of membrane were frequently observed in the vacuoles, as was the association of lipid bodies with the vacuolar membrane. Most vacuoles had an irregular outline, and lipid bodies were often connected to the tonoplast of the vacuoles. The structural changes underlying developmental, particularly to senescence, processes in various hesperidium will be reported in the separate paper.
Keywords
Abscission; Citrus reticulata; Pericarp; Ultrastructure; Lipid bodies;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Burns JK, Achor DS, Echeverria E: Carpellary outgrowth development in the endocarp of grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (RutaceaB), Amer J Bot 81 :760 769, 1994   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Ji SY, Kim IS: Structural features of various trichomes developed in Sarvinia natayls, Kor J Electron Microsc 32: 319 327, 2002
3 Mauseth JD: Plant Anatomy, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co' Menlo Parle. pp, 439 445, 1988
4 Robinson DG, Baumer A, Hinz G, Hohl I: Vesicle transfer of storage proteins to the vacuole: the role of the Golgi apparatus and multivesicular bodies, J Plant Physiol 152: 659 667, 1998a   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Robinson DG, Galili G, Herman E, Hillmer S: Topical aspects of vacuolar protein transport: autophagy and prevacuolar comparhnents, J Exp Bot 49:1263 1270, 1998b   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Shomer I, Ben Gem I: Epicuticular wax on the juice sacs of citrus fruits: a possible adhesive in the fruit segments, J Food Sci 40: 925 930, 1975   DOI
7 Lewis PR: Other cytochemical methods for enzymes, In: Lewis PR, Knight DP, eds, Staining Methods for Sectioned Material. 3rd ed, North Holland Publishing Co' Amsterdam, pp, 268 269, 1982
8 : Regulatory aspects of chloro chromoplast interconvensions in senescing Citrus fruit peel. Isr J Bot 47 :123 130, 1988
9 Monselise SP: Citrus, In: Monselise SP, ed, Handbook of Fruit Set and Development, pp, 87 108, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1986
10 Thomson WW, Platt Aloia K: Ultrastructure of the epidennis of developing, ripening, and senescing Naval oranges, Hilgardia 44 :60 82, 1976
11 Thomson WW: Ultrastructural development of chloroplasts in Valencia oranges, Bot Gaz 127: 133 139, 1966   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Tisserat B, Jones 0, Galletta PO: Juice vesicle populations in Citrus fruit. Bot Gaz 151 :64 72, 1990   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Gross J: Pigments in Fruits, Acadmic Press, London, p, 303, 1987
14 Robinson DG, Rogers JC, Hinz G: Post Golgi, prevacuolar comparhnents, In: Robinson DG, Rogers JC, eds, Vacuolar Compartments, pp, 270 298, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, 2000
15 Spiegel Roy P, Goldschmidt EE: Biology of Citrus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp, 88 125, 1996
16 Esau K: Anatomy of Seed Plants, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp,431 440, 1979
17 Kale PN, Adsule PG: Citrus, In: SalWlkhe OK, Kadam SS, eds, Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology, pp, 39 65, Marcel Dekker Inc' New York, 1995
18 Holtzhausen LC: Creasing: fomulating a hypothesis, In: Matsumoto K, ed, Proc, Int. Soc, Citriculture, Vol. I, pp, 201 204, Okitsu Fruit Tree Research Station, Shizuoka, 1982
19 Koch KE, Lowell CA, Avigne WT: Assimilate transfer through citrus juice vesicle stalks: a nonvascular portion of the transport path, In: Cronshaw J, Lucas WJ, Giaquinta RT, eds, Phloem Transport, pp, 247 258, New York, Alan Liss, 1986
20 Kim TJ: Korean Resources Plants, Seoul National University Press, p, 270, Seoul, 1996
21 Fahn A, Shomer I, Ben Gera I: Occurrence and structure of epicuticular wax on juice vesicles of Citrus fruit, Ann Bot 38: 869 872, 1974   DOI
22 Burns JK, Achor DS, Echeverria E: Ultrastructural studies on the ontogeny of grapefruit juice vesicles (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv, Star Ruby), Int J Plant Sci 153: 14 25, 1992   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Kesterson JW, Braddock RJ: Total peel oil content of the major Florida citrus cultivars, J Food Sci 40 : 931 923, 1995   DOI
24 Koch KE, Avigne WT: Postphloem, nonvascular transfer in citrus: kinetics, metabolism and sugar gradients, Plant Physiol 93: 1405 1416, 1990   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Goldschmidt EE, Hubennan M, Goren R: Probing the role of endogenous ethylene in the de greening of citrus fruit with ethylene antagonists, Plant Growth Reg 12: 325 329, 1993   DOI
26 Monselise SP: Citrus fruit development: endogenous systems and external regulations, In: Grierson W, ed, Proceedings International Society of Citriculture, Vol. 2, pp, 664 668 ISC, Lalce Alfred, 1978
27 Nii N, Coombe BG: Anatomical aspects of juice sacs of satsuma mandarin in relation to translocation, J Japan Soc Hort Sci 56:376 381, 1988
28 Fahn A: Plant Anatomy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp, 503 508, 1990