Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.21288/resko.2017.11.2.179

Improvement of Nottingham Grading System for Facial Asymmetry Evaluation  

Lee, Min-Woo (상지대학교 한방의료공학과)
Jang, Min (상지대학교 동서의료공학과)
Kim, Jina (단아안 청아한의원)
Shin, Sang-Hoon (상지대학교 한방의료공학과)
Publication Information
Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology / v.11, no.2, 2017 , pp. 179-186 More about this Journal
Abstract
Because facial asymmetry is caused by various causes, the cause analysis is important and quantitative index is needed to the evaluation. In this study, we applied the Nottingham Grading System that was used as a quantitative index to evaluate the facial paralysis by tracking the markers through the image processing and calculating the distance between the markers with images obtained by using the webcam, to evaluate facial asymmetry. The existing Nottingham Grading System has a problem of causing a measurement error in the specific case because the left and right are compared by summing the distance change between the feature points of the face part according to the change of the facial expression. We compared the case of the facial asymmetry and case of normal subject by using the existing Nottingham Grading System and the improved Nottingham grading system. In the existing Nottingham Grading System, case of facial asymmetry and case of facial symmetry were 99.0% and 95.0% respectively in the normal range, but the improved Nottingham Grading System showed facial asymmetry case was 74.0% and facial symmetrical case was 93.2%. The results of experiment show that the improved Nottingham Grading System allows detailed evaluation of each site and improved the problem of the Nottingham Grading System for specific cases.
Keywords
Facial asymmetry; Facial paralysis; Nottingham Grading System; Webcam; Image processing;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 7  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Cohen MM, "Perspectives on craniofacial asymmetry. III. common and/or well-known cause of asymmetry", Int J Oral Maxillofacial Surg, vol. 24, issue. 2, pp. 127-133, 1995.   DOI
2 F. Bernhard, P.V. Ian, "Evolutionary psychology of facial attractiveness", Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 11, issue. 5, pp. 154-158, 2002.   DOI
3 I.R. Munro, "Rigid fixation and facial asymmeytry", Clin Plast Surg, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 187-94, 1989.
4 D.S. Nahm, C.H. Suhr, W.S. Yang, Y.I. Chang, "Submentovertex Cephalometrics in Korean Adults", Korean Association of Orthodontists, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2000.
5 F. Vazquez, J.D. Grostic, A.C. Fonder, KF DeBoer, "Eccenticity of the skull correlation with dental malocclusion", Angle Orthod, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 144-158, 1952.
6 D.J. Kang, "Postero-anterior cephalometric study of cranio-facial skeleton on Korean", Korean Association of Orthodontists, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 67-84, 1979.
7 J.B. Park, C.H. Suhr, "Analysis of Skeletal Facial Asymmetry With Submentovertex Cephalometric Radiograph", Korean Association of Orthodontists, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 161-189, 1994.
8 J.S. Ahn, H.S. Hwang, "Relationship between Perception of Facial Asymmetry and Posteroanterior Cephalometric Measurements", Korean Association of Orthodontists, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 489-498, 2001.
9 J.I. Kim, H.K. Koh, C.H. Kim, "A study of facial nerve grading system", The Journal of Korean Acupuncture&Moxibustion Society, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2001
10 H. Peck, S. Peck, "A concept of facial esthetics" Angle Orthod, vol. 40, issue. 4, pp. 284-318, 1970.
11 S.H. Ryu, S.Y. Lee, H.G. Kim, E.W. Ryoo, S.J. Kim, S.M. Jeong, S.W. Baek, B.H. Goo, M.J. Kim, Y.C. Park, B.K. Seo, S.S. Nam and Y.H. Baek, "Preliminary Study to Develop an Objective Method for Evaluating Facial Palsy Sequelae Using Facial Scanning System," The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine Society, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 89-99, 2016.
12 M. Jang, and S.H. Shin, "Development of Facial Nerve Palsy Grading System with Image Processing," J Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 233-240, 2013.
13 M. Jang, and S.H. Shin, "Development of Facial Palsy Grading System with Three Dimensional Image Processing," J. of RWEAT, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 129-135, 2015.
14 M.B. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.H. Shin, H.J. Yoon, and W.S. Ko, "A study of facial nerve grading system," J of Korean Oriental Medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 147-160, 2007.
15 K.H. Suk, H.K. Ryu, B.H. Goo, J.H. Lee, S.H. Ryu, S.Y. Lee, M.J. Kim, Y.C. Park, B.K. Seo, D.S. Park, and Y.H. Baek, "A Review Study and Proposal of Facial Palsy Sequelae Evaluating Scale," The Acupuncture, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 99 - 108, 2014.   DOI
16 W. John, and M.D. House, "Facial nerve grading systems," The Laryngoscope, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 1056-1069, 1983.   DOI
17 E.M. George, P.D. Joseph, J.K. Peter, and J.B. Patrick, "The Nottingham System: Objective assessment of facial nerve function in the clinic", Otolaryngology, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 156-161, 1994.   DOI